bulk specific gravity of soil formula

Therefore, texture and structure govern the amount of soil pore space. It is represented as 'Gm'. The standard bulk specific gravity test is: Specific gravity is a measure of a materials density (mass per unit volume) as compared to the density of water at 73.4F (23C). Note that total volume of the soil sample equals the volume of the solids and the volume of the pores. Calculating the Density of Soil when the Specific Gravity of Soil Particle and the Density of Water is Given. The substance might be 20 mm gravel. Figure 5 shows major coarse aggregate specific gravity equipment. The bulk mass density is also called the wet mass density or simply bulk density. The volume includes both solids and pores. w = water content or moisture content, Density of water and gravitational constantw = 1000 kg/m3w = 1 g/ccw = 62.4 lb/ft3 An incorrect specific gravity value will result in incorrect calculated volumes and ultimately result in an incorrect mix design. Dry Unit Weight, d Typically, aggregate used in HMA production will have a bulk specific gravity between about 2.400 and 3.000 with 2.700 being fairly typical of limestone. Since the specimen is completely wrapped when it is submerged, no water can get into it and a more accurate volume measurement is theoretically possible. For that reason, this value is assumed to be the particle density of any soil sample, unless otherwise specified. Android (Paid)https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.nickzom.nickzomcalculator The value of specific gravity (soil) varies between 2.65-2.80. Theoretical models to predict the capacity of helical piles are based on Soil Mechanics and an appr Seequent, The Bentley Subsurface Company's, Create a free account and view content that fits your specific interests in geotechnical engineering. w. The mass density of water ? These weights are used to calculate specific gravity and the percentage of water absorbed by the sample. w= Density of Water Answer (1 of 3): What is the relationship between bulk density and specific gravity? Recall that Specific Gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. Calculate the moisture content of the samples: Calculate the dry weight of the soil in each cylinder and record the data. The usual standard of comparison for solids and liquids is water at 4 C (39.2 F), which has a density of 1.0 kg per litre (62.4 pounds per cubic foot). Several different types of specific gravity are commonly used depending upon how the volume of water permeable voids (or pores) within the aggregate are addressed (Figure 3): The following description is a brief summary of the test. Given that the specific gravity of soil particle is 12 and the density of soil is 156. Mathematically , G = Ms / Mw = s / w = s / w Where, s = Density of Solid w = Density of Water s = Unit Weight of Solid w = Unit Weight of Water Specific Gravity of Solid Particles, G As you can see from the screenshot above,Nickzom Calculator The Calculator Encyclopedia solves for the bulk density and presents the formula, workings and steps too. 1993 AASHTO Flexible Pavement Structural Design, 1993 AASHTO Rigid Pavement Structural Design, Climate Change Impacts on Pavements and Resilience, E-Construction in Practice: A Peer Exchange with WSDOT and TxDOT. If more than 2 percent water by volume is absorbed by the sample then this method is not appropriate. V = Volume of the Soil 3-1. Q & A about Specific Gravity of Soil. These methods, based on Archimedes Principle, calculate specimen volume by weighing the specimen (1) in a water bath and (2) out of the water bath. The general values for specific gravity for different soils are given in Table -1. In practice, porosity is normally calculated using the formula: [latex]\text{Porosity, }=1-\frac{_\text{b}}{_\text{p}}[/latex]. Clean the specific gravity bottle well and dry it. The relative density (specific gravity) of an aggregate is the ratio of its mass to the mass of an equal volume of water. If particle density remains constant, as bulk density increases porosity decreases. Figure 7 shows the Troxler device. Either type of error will have a cascading effect on volumetric parameters in other tests that require specific gravity as an input and Superpave mix design. These values are then used to calculate bulk specific gravity, bulk SSD specific gravity, apparent specific gravity and absorption. Key Features: Most aggregates have a relative density between 2.4-2.9 with a corresponding particle (mass) density of 2400-2900 kg/m 3 (150-181 lb/ft 3). The equations include corrections to factor in the specific gravity values for the fraction larger than the No.4 sieve size. $V_v = V_w + V_a$, total weight = weight of solids + weight of water Add slightly more than 50 mL of the two soil samples to 50 mL beakers. Lets solve an example; Relation Between Void Ratio, Water Content, Degree of Saturation & Specific Gravity In this article, we will make a formula or equation or relation between void ratio (e), water content (w), degree of saturation () and specific gravity (G). Correct and accurate bulk specific gravity determinations are vital to proper mix design. $e = \dfrac{V_v}{V_s}$ void ratio, $e = \dfrac{V_v}{V - V_v} \cdot \dfrac{1/V}{1/V}$, $e = \dfrac{V_v/V}{1 - V_v/V}$ n = Vv / V, $n = \dfrac{V_v}{V_s + V_v} \cdot \dfrac{1/V_s}{1/V_s}$, $n = \dfrac{V_v/V_s}{1 + V_v/V_s}$ e = Vv / Vs. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Civil Engineering - Texas Tech University 3- Specific Gravity, Gs Definition; specific gravity, Gs, of soil solids is the ratio of the density of the aggregate soil solids to the density of water. Place the core into a labeled, pre-weighed canister, and put on the lid. The complete procedure can be found in: Other standard tests available to determine bulk specific gravity that are not described in this section are: A compacted HMA sample (usually a SGC compacted laboratory sample or a field-obtained HMA core) is weighed dry, saturated surface dry (SSD) and submerged (Figure 1). This method has shown promise in both accuracy and precision. Weight-Volume Relationship from the Phase Diagram of Soil Coarse aggregate bulk SSD specific gravity. Examples of suitable units have been shown below. Bulk density is a measure of the mass of a soil per given volume (i.e. The following formulas are taken from unit weights of soil: = ( G + S e) w 1 + e = ( G + G w) w 1 + e d = G w 1 + e s a t = ( G + e) w 1 + e = ( G 1) w 1 + e Where m = mass of soil V = volume of soil W = weight of soil = density of soil d = dry density of soil sat = saturated density of soil ' = buoyant density of soil What is the range of bulk density values for an organic soil? Now you have to learn some relations between these terms to solve any problem. This method of determining the specific gravity of soil given here is applicable for soils composed of particles smaller than 4.75 mm (No.4 U.S. sieve) in size. The formula for calculating specific gravity of soil particle: G s = s / w Where: G s = Specific Gravity of Soil Particle w = Density of Water s = Density of Soil Let's solve an example; Find the specific gravity of soil particle when the density of water is 22 and the the density of soil is 11. Fill the flask with distilled water up to the graduation mark. (d)max = dry unit weight of the soil at its densest condition, Designation of Granular Soil Based on Relative Density. $\gamma = \dfrac{W}{V} = \dfrac{W_s + W_w}{V}$, $\gamma = \dfrac{W_s (1 + W_w/W_s)}{V} = \dfrac{W_s}{V}(1 + w)$, Dry Unit Weight (S = w = 0) The specific gravity of soil can be calculated by using the following formula, G = Mass of soil / Mass of equal volume of water, G = Mass of soil / Mass of equal volume of water, Mass of the same volume of water, Ww = (W1 + Ws) W2. s= Density of Soil The determination of the specific gravity method is as follows: The measuring flask with 1000ml capacity is weighed for the determination of its empty weight denoted by W 1. The relationship between specific gravity of solid particles G, water content or moisture content w, degree of saturation S, and void ratio e, is given by the following: The formula above can be derived as follows: The International Information Center for Geotechnical Engineers, Step-by-Step Guide for Grain Size Analysis, VertekCPT: All you need to know about Soil Liquefaction, Using Terzaghis Equation in Foundation Design, Geotechnical Engineering Lab Manual, by Prof. William A. Kitch (Angelo State University), A list of Videos on Laboratory Testing to support Online Instruction, Splitting Tensile Strength Test (Brazilian), Volumetric flask marked with a thin ring at a specific point of its neck (graduation mark), Weigh the empty and clean volumetric flask (. Correct and accurate material specific gravity determinations are vital to proper mix design. To get the answer and workings of the bulk density using the Nickzom Calculator The Calculator Encyclopedia. Some lightweight shales (not used in HMA production) can have specific gravities near 1.050, while other aggregate can have specific gravities above 3.000. i av = N d at middle of heave soil prism /unit length pile. Typical values for bulk specific gravity range from 2.200 to 2.500 depending upon the bulk specific gravity of the aggregate, the asphalt binder content, and the amount of compaction. Cool the aggregate to a comfortable handling temperature. What is the typical range of bulk density values for mineral soils? Lets solve an example; Aggregate absorption can also vary widely depending upon aggregate type. Compact the soil by dropping onto a padded surface like a book, notebook, etc. Soil deposits consist of the soil particles and the void space between the particles. sb= Bulk Density Rather, specific gravity is an aggregate quality needed to make required volume calculations. First, you need to obtain the app. These two density measurements provide an important insight into the physical nature of a given soil. The wet soil in the box weighed 450 g. The dry soil weighed 375 g. Now calculate the bulk density. (d)min = dry unit weight of the soil at its loosest condition A cubic metre of it might weigh 1600 kg. h=depth of heave soil prism/unit length pile. Students will also learn to calculate soil porosity. $\gamma_s = G\gamma_w$, $\dfrac{W_s}{V_s} \cdot \dfrac{W_w}{W_w} = G\gamma_w$, $\dfrac{W_w}{V_s} \cdot \dfrac{W_s}{W_w} = G\gamma_w$, $\dfrac{W_w}{V_s} \cdot \dfrac{1}{W_w/W_s} = G\gamma_w$, $\dfrac{\gamma_w V_w}{V_s} \cdot \dfrac{1}{w} = G\gamma_w$, $\dfrac{V_w}{V_s} \cdot \dfrac{1}{w} = G$, $\dfrac{V_w}{V_s} \cdot \dfrac{V_v}{V_v} = Gw$, $\dfrac{V_w}{V_v} \cdot \dfrac{V_v}{V_s} = Gw$. Cool the aggregate in air at room temperature for 1 to 3 hours then determine the mass. Each test takes approximately 7 minutes to conduct excluding preparation time. Required fields are marked *. Total weight, $W = W_w + W_s$, Void ratio, $e = \dfrac{V_v}{V_s}$, Note: $0 \lt e \lt \infty$, Porosity, $n = \dfrac{V_v}{V}$, Note: $0 \lt n \lt 1$, Relationship between e and n, $n = \dfrac{e}{1 + e}$ and $e = \dfrac{n}{1 - n}$, Water content or moisture content, $w = \dfrac{W_w}{W_s} \times 100\%$, Note: $0 \lt w \lt \infty$, Degree of saturation, $S = \dfrac{V_w}{V_v}$, Note: $0 \le S \le 1$, Relationship between G, w, S, and e, $Gw = Se$, Moist unit weight or bulk unit weight, $\gamma_m = \dfrac{W}{V} = \dfrac{(G + Se)\gamma_w}{1 + e} = \dfrac{G( 1 + w)\gamma_w}{1 + e}$, Dry unit weight, $\gamma_d = \dfrac{W_s}{V} = \dfrac{G\gamma_w}{1 + e}$, Saturated unit weight, $\gamma_{sat} = \dfrac{(G + e)\gamma_w}{1 + e}$, Submerged or buoyant unit weight, $\gamma_b = \gamma_{sat} - \gamma_w = \dfrac{(G - 1)\gamma_w}{1 + e}$, Critical hydraulic gradient, $i_{cr} = \dfrac{\gamma_b}{\gamma_w} = \dfrac{G - 1}{1 + e}$, Relative Density, $D_r = \dfrac{e_{max} - e}{e_{max} - e_{min}} = \dfrac{\dfrac{1}{(\gamma_d)_{min}} - \dfrac{1}{\gamma_d}}{\dfrac{1}{(\gamma_d)_{min}} - \dfrac{1}{(\gamma_d)_{max}}}$, Atterberg Limits Principles of Soil Science Exercise Manual (Bowen), { "1.01:_Determining_Soil_Physical_Properties" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.02:_Soil_Profile_Descriptions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.03:_Introduction_to_Online_Soil_Data" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.04:_Soil_Field_Methods" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.05:_New_Page" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.06:_New_Page" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.07:_New_Page" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.08:_New_Page" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.09:_New_Page" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "1.10:_Environmental_Magnetic_Susceptibility" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Hands-on_Exercises" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Take-Home_Exercise" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Final_Project" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 1.9: Bulk Density, Particle Density, and Porosity, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "authorname:mbowen", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://www.uwosh.edu/facstaff/bowenm/Labmanual-GEOG304.pdf" ], https://geo.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fgeo.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FSoil_Science%2FPrinciples_of_Soil_Science_Exercise_Manual_(Bowen)%2F01%253A_Hands-on_Exercises%2F1.09%253A_New_Page, $ \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}$ $ \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} $$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $ \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$ $ \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$ $ \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$ $ \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$ $ \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$ $ \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$ $ \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$ $ \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$ $ \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$ $ \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}$ $ \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$ $ \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}$, 1.8: Soil Organic Matter Content: Loss-On-Ignition, 1.10: Environmental Magnetic Susceptibility, source@https://www.uwosh.edu/facstaff/bowenm/Labmanual-GEOG304.pdf, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, C. Weight of 1st cylinder plus compacted soil, F. Volume of soil and water in 2nd cylinder, directly measure bulk density and particle density using the graduated cylinder method for coarse textured, non-aggregated soil samples, determine bulk density of a soil core, accounting for compaction during collection, 2 sandy soil samples one coarse and one fine. This laboratory entails a demonstration of the use of a soil density sampler, and a problem set that is focused on common soil density calculations. at least ten times from a height of about 2-3 inches. s = Density of Soil = 156. High bulk density soils are soils with little pore space, so water infiltration is reduced, root penetration is inhibited, and aeration is restricted - reducing agricultural productivity. Dry the material until it maintains a constant mass. Soil density is relatively simple and cheap to measure. The specific weight, , of a material is defined as the product of its density, , and the standard gravity, g: =g{\displaystyle \gamma =\rho \,g} The densityof the material is defined as massper unit volume, typically measured in kg/m3. Samples for determining bulk density must be collected very carefully to insure the sample represents the in situ condition desired and no additional compaction or loosening has occurred. Troxler Electronic Laboratories, Inc. (Troxler). Finally, the bulk specific gravity (OD) is the ratio of the ovendry mass of the particles to the mass of a volume of water equal to the gross volume of the particles: OD bulk w gross wnet wpores AA A A G VVV ACBABC which, again, is the formula given in the ASTM specification. Porosity, the percent by volume of a soil sample not occupied by solids, is directly related to bulk density and particle density. Dry Mass Density In materials science, bulk density, also called apparent density or volumetric density, is a property of powders, granules, and other "divided" solids, especially used in reference to mineral components (soil, gravel), chemical substances, (pharmaceutical) ingredients, foodstuff, or any other masses of corpuscular or particulate matter ().. G = Specific gravity of solid particles, Bulk Unit Weight / Moist Unit Weight s) = Ws/Vs; 12. Nickzom Calculator The Calculator Encyclopedia is capable of calculating the specific gravity of soil particle. Some state agencies specify minimum aggregate specific gravities or maximum percent water absorption to help control aggregate quality. The driving weight is raised and dropped repeatedly to drive the sampler into the soil. Based on the temperature of the water that was recorded in the last step, the density of the distilled water w is derived through specific tables (i.e.,w=998.23 kg/m3 atT=20C). V = Volume of the Soil = 6. w = Density of Water = 9. The results are as follows: Aggregate A: Bulk specific gravity=2.814; absorption=0.4% Aggregate B: Bulk specific gravity=2.441; absorption=3.0% What is the specific gravity of a mixture of 35% aggregate A and 65% aggregate B by weight? Calculating the Volume of the Soil when the Bulk Density and the Mass of the Soil is Given. High bulk density soils are soils with little pore space, so water infiltration is reduced, root penetration is inhibited, and aeration is restricted reducing agricultural productivity. Gs = Specific Gravity of Soil Particle = 12 Android (Free)https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nickzom.nickzomcalculator And after that, we will find the specific gravity of the object. Lets solve an example; This is because in the normal procedure the water may not be able to penetrate the pores to the center of the aggregate particle during the soaking time. g = 32.2 ft/sec2. You will be working with your classmates to complete it during lab. The degree of saturation is normally expressed in a percentage. It is the Specific Gravity of Soil. A sand sample weighing approximately 150 ml is added in the flask and its mass is determined now W 2. Equation for calculate bulk specific gravity is, G b = (W * D) / (W - I) Where, G b > = Bulk Specific Gravity. Laboratory specific gravity and absorption tests are run on two coarse aggregate sizes, which have to be blended. Therefore, thespecific gravity of soil particleis0.5. In practice, the paraffin is difficult to correctly apply and test results are somewhat inconsistent. INSTRUCTIONS: Choose units and enter the following: () The mean density of the object or liquid. If a soil is compacted, the soil solids are packed into a smaller volume, and the particles get packed closer together. Soil physical properties control the mechanical behavior of soils and will strongly influence land use and management. The difference between Gsb and bulk (SSD) specific gravity is the weight of aggregate used in the calculations. Bulk Specific Gravity Calculator. Clean and dry the inside (above the water level) and the outer part of the flask and weigh it (, Use the funnel to carefully place the soil into the flask and weigh it (. Absorption should typically be below 2 percent. Aggregate absorption is a useful quality because: It is generally desirable to avoid highly absorptive aggregate in HMA. This sample size is based on nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS). W = Total weight of soil Gently stir soil/water mixture to remove any air bubbles. The formula for calculating bulk density: sb= Bulk Density Bulk density is a commonly measured soil property by agriculturalists and engineers. The formulas for calculating bulk density and particle density follow: Bulk density, b = mass of oven dry soil total soil volume Bulk density, b = mass of oven dry soil total soil volume Particle density, p = mass of oven dry soil volume of soil solids Particle density, p = mass of oven dry soil volume of soil solids Figure 8.1. The equipment for this experiment is shown in Fig. Vs = Volume of solid particles The following description is a brief summary of the test. Porosity, n The difference between these volumes is the volume of absorbed water in the aggregates permeable voids. For a particular aggregate type or source, fine aggregate specific gravities can be slightly higher than coarse aggregate specific gravities because as the aggregate particles get smaller, the fraction of pores exposed to the aggregate surface (and thus excluded from the specific gravity calculation because they are water-permeable) increases. For instance, if a quarry operation constantly monitors the specific gravity of its output aggregate, a change in specific gravity beyond that normally expected could indicate the quarrying has moved into a new rock formation with significantly different mineral or physical properties. Moisture content, usually expressed in terms of percentage, is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of solids. V = Volume of the Soil = 4. The difference in weights can then be used to calculate the weight of water displaced, which can be converted to a volume using the specific gravity of water. Porosity is the ratio of volume of voids to the total volume of soil. $\gamma_{sat} = \dfrac{W_{sat}}{V_{sat}}$, $e = \dfrac{n}{1 - n}$ and $n = \dfrac{e}{1 + e}$, MATHalino - Engineering Mathematics Copyright 2023. A = Air Content, percentage (%) e = void ratio (ratio of volume of voids to the volume of solids), no units G s = specific gravity (the ratio of the density of the soil to the density of water), no units I D = density index (relative density), percentage (%) n = porosity (ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume), percentage (%) This implies that; w = Density of Water = 22 The forces on a particle in a liquid are buoyant force and it's weight mg. mass=Volume*density =>M=Vp*Dp (Vp=Volume of the particle, Dp=Density of the particle) =>mg=Vp*Dp*g Buoyant force=Vpi*Df*g (Vpi=Volume of the particle immersed, Df=Density of the fluid) =>Vpi*Df*g=Vp*Dp*g => (Vpi/Vp)= (Dp/Df) Upon completion of this laboratory exercise students should be able to directly measure bulk density and particle density using the graduated cylinder method for coarse textured, non-aggregated soil samples. Ps = Ms/ (500-Vw) Now that you have the density of soil solids, you can calculate the specific gravity of soil solids (SG). Both use the same aggregate volume. The specific gravity of solid particles is defined as the ratio of the mass of a given volume of solids to the mass of an equal volume of water at 4 C. Make sure to use cloth and not paper towels. In this method the specimen is wrapped in a thin paraffin film (Figure 4) and then weighed in and out of water. (2000c). The Specific Gravity of soils is usually between 2.65-2.80 with finer soils having higher values than coarser ones. Question. g/cm3 ), including solids and pore spaces. Saturated unit weight is the weight of saturated soil per unit volume. The difference between these weights is the weight of absorbed water in the aggregates permeable voids. When the desired depth is reached, the device is removed from the soil, and the removable metal cylinder containing the soil sample is removed. Insert a 1.5 cm metal ring, a 6 cm metal core, and then a second 1.5 cm metal ring into the barrel of the core sampler, then reattach the barrel to the handle. Soil's specific surface area (s, m2/g): Depends on shape of soil particle. Therefore, the Specific Gravity GS is calculated as: A correction is utilized to adjust the results at a reference temperature T=20C: where K is the temperature correction factor. Particle density is approximated as 2.65 g/cm3 , although this number may vary considerably if the soil sample has a high concentration of organic matter, which would lower particle density, or high-density minerals such as magnetite, garnet, hornblende, etc. Now, enter the values appropriately and accordingly for the parameters as required by the Density of water (w) is 22 andDensity of soil (s) is 11. Also called buoyant density or buoyant unit weight (b).

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