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Biologydictionary.net Editors. Some questions may be asked in a different way to work for Google Forms. oxidative phosphorylation They under go photorespiration. There is Turgor Pressure inside the guard cells. The great thing about Google Forms is that the teacher can edit questions. Review and study resources for Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, and Enzymes. How does CO2 enter the leaf and O2 leave? Mitochondria/Chloroplast In this process, the 6-carbon glucose molecule is split into two molecules of pyruvate. Water leaves because of evaporation. Parts of a Flower I use this, This is a fool-proof lab to demonstrate photosynthesis and respiration in aquatic plants. Where is it produced? Adenine, 3 phosphates, and a 5-carbon sugar (ribose). answer choices Cellular respiration stores ATP, while photosynthesis releases ATP. Bacteria needs more oxygen gas and more sunlight to thrive. <> list the raw materials used in photosynthesis and describe how plants obtain each of these materials, 6C02- carbon dioxide;comes in from the stomata. This is specifically tied to North Carolina Essential Standards, or NC Essential Standards for 6th grade. Cellular Respiration Equation Many bacteria are able to complete glycolysis, which can provide them with energy. Photosynthesis produces the glucose that is utilized in cellular respiration to produce ATP. To heat the silver she has an oven that can reach 1000 C and needs to order a suitable magnet. The processes of photosynthesis and respiration can be thought as a cycle because - answer choices one is used only by plants and the other is used only by animals both give off oxygen to be used by animals the products of one are used as the raw materials of the other they both have the same purpose Question 4 300 seconds Report an issue Q. They are the succulent plants (ex: cactus) that store needed organic material during the night and use them during the night. Where does the hydrogen get pumped into the inter-membrane space? A phosphate group is added. So as to allow photosynthesis to take place but not so much that they lose an excessive amount of water. Where does the NADH and FADH2 in the ETC come from? Because an herbivore must consume many photosynthetic organisms to grow, there are many less organisms on this level of the food-chain. What light was best absorbed by the chlorophyll? G3P is the actual byproduct of the dark reactions and it is a 3-carbon sugar. (on the bacteria/ algae experiment) Why did the aerobic bacteria congregate in some areas more than others? They gain a great deal of energy. The stage of photosynthesis that uses the most ATP molecules is a. b. release less water to the environment than do other parts of the epidermis. glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration red, orange, yellow, brown). By breaking the chemical bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphates. > x z s t u v w 0 bjbjOO -a -a ( i h h ~ ~ ~ F n $ R L s7 s7 s7 @n Bn Bn Bn Bn Bn Bn $ p s fn ~ s7 6 s7 s7 s7 fn {n ; ; ; s7 ^ ~ @n ; s7 @n ; ; h H 6 m @# 7 :j , ,n n 0 n fj At w8 At X m m &. glycolysis catalyzes the reduction of two molecules of PGAL to form glucose. The light reactions take place during the day because they need light. Reactants: 6H2O (water) They have the special enzyme PEP Carboxylase. photosynthesis makes glucose that is used in cellular respiration to create ATP, geometry: line and angle relationship vocab, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine. This is the complex that receives the electron after the electron enters the excited state. Two of these molecules are then combined to produce a glucose, among other things. Additional information co, This test over photosynthesis and cellular respiration comes in two versions. What is the electromagnetic spectrum, and what does it have to do with photosynthesis? This is the flow of an electron throught he photosystems with a circular reaction after the primary electron acceptor in PS1 accepts and moves the electron. krebs cycle, 5. All the grass in a meadow is killed with an herbicide. This is the never ending cycle that sustains life on earth. The process of endosymbiosis would account for this complexity. ^^ 8h"c{,&*Z ,k. The larger bacteria became eukaryotes, and developed other organelles. c. Photosynthesis removes oxygen from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. All individual components of this curriculum can be purchased and viewed separately in my main catalog.My PowerPoint presentations have been made to be both informative on cur, Aligned to the AP Biology Course and Exam Description! Energy is released from ATP when A. glycolysis krebs cycle, 2. Works great as an AP Biology Test Review or Study Guide.This resource is designed to help guide your AP Biology students to learn, study, and review all of the topics in Unit 3. comprehending concepts If the slea starts from rest, what is the mechanical energy of the system? <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 1. <> What does the final electron acceptor (1/2 O2) become after the ETC? The labels on the right show where the various reactions take place. This product is for you! What does the ETC do along with ATP production? Pollination An electron is passed through a polypeptide chain until it reaches the final electron acceptor, and creates ATP. Where does it take place? Why are the leaves and stems of a plant green? They can be used for a introductory assessment for a topic, a review prior to a test, or for a graded assessment. it energizes electrons in the reaction center, it splits ATP molecules which generates the energy necessary to power the light independent reactions. # U y>= ~NOfT/\,&2,'_?mDk/#XF< glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria Definition and Examples, Anabolism and Catabolism Definition and Examples, Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College. Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/cellular-respiration-and-photosynthesis/. This download includes 3 days worth of PowerPoint slides, corresponding printable packet, two sets of manipulative cards, a review sheet with answer key, and a lab with answer key for your students. Lactic Acid Fermentation stomata small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move sunlight main source of energy What is cellular respiration equation? Gas exchange and releases water. Various topics on the subject highlight the history, importance, process and future of photosynthesis. The released oxygen comes from water, which is split through hydrolysis. c. are usually most abundant on the upper epidermis of a leaf. One is a PDF Test with 7 multiple choice questions, 7 fill in the blank questions and 6 matching questions. How do the two sets of photosynthetic reactions work together? B. C3 plants are more common. an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs. Plants absorb most all colors except green light. interpreting diagrams ATP Anabolic Reactions fermentation Use the resource and the answer key for student self-assessment or peer review. Because it's not a good way to store energy. The final electron acceptor during oxidative phosphorylation is: ATP ADP ATP They are Light Dependent (light collecting). all organisms carry out cellular respiration. which of the following is not one of the complex carbohydrates? all organisms carry out photosynthesis. The oxygen produced by plants during photosynthesis is what humans and animals inhale for the blood to transport to the cells for respiration. You throw a baseball straight up with an initial speed of 150km/h150 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}150km/h. Cramps during exercise are caused by: krebs cycle, 9. Make sure that you and your students are prepared for these changes. Like mentos! What is the electron donor(s) for the ETC? These are the other pigments plants have that we see a lot of in the fall (i.e. Known the equations for both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. analyzing experiments glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen The steps of respiration occur in different parts of the cell. Products: C6H1206 (glucose) Animals are related to the ancient organisms which did not receive photosynthetic endosymbionts, and instead relied on consuming other organisms. D. starch. glycolysis 1. Biology Dictionary. They are called C3 because the first organic molecule produced is a 3-carbon sugar. alcohol fermentation Need a good way to explain ATP and energy? Glucose is created by the process of photosynthesis. They are the dark reactions (Calvin Cycle), and the light reactions. The Google Forms version has the same questions. Through photosynthesis, energy from the sun is captured in the bonds of organic molecules. every food chain starts with a photosynthetic organism the sun heats the Earth's atmosphere. calvin cycle water These reactions can be seen in the image below. Thus, the smaller endosymbiotic bacteria became the first organelles. The cycle of photosynthesis and respiration maintains the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide. C6H1206-glucose;to make energy and helps make food. The PPT is designed to cover in detail the unpacked standards. It generates between 32-34 ATP molecules. At the bottom of the food-chain sit the photosynthetic organisms. You can find the updated course description guide here. They regulate the opening of the Stomata. They form by far the largest biomass on Earth, limited only by the amount of sunlight, nutrients, and water they receive. Are you getting the free resources, updates, and special offers we send out every week in our teacher newsletter? Enter your answers in questions 1-3: a. carbon dioxide b. oxygen c. glucose d. ATP e. water 1. Students use the included word bank to fill in the concept map. The hydrogens, electrons, and associated energy are bound to ADP and NADP+. They are called P680 (PS2) and P700 (PS1). Heme groups are also seen bound to hemoglobin, in blood cells. reading and understanding new mater, This bundle includes eleven color-by-number review worksheets related to the field of Life Science. Glyco- refers to glucose, where -lysis refers to something being divided or split in half. Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of glucose and the storage of the energy received into the molecule ATP. This 3-carbon molecules is then converted to Acetyl CoA in the next step. In the Theory of Evolution, the origins of life on Earth are highly unproven. Photosynthesis releases energy, while cellular respiration stores energy. This 2 page Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Quiz 2 has 6 multiple choice and 1 short answer question on the topics of: Energy in Living Systems, Building Molecules that Store Energy, Metabolism, Photosynthesis, Autotrophs, Breaking Down Food for Energy, Heterotroph, Cellular Respiration, A. This is glucose, which can then be modified and combined with other glucose molecules to be stored as starches and complex sugars like fructose. Oxygen is produced as a by-product. The last question (short answer) are self graded due to their subjective nature. (Bacteria needs lots of light to photosynthesize). Instead of digesting them, they created a safe space for them and helped them produce more energy. Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy that is stored in sugar. Photosynthesis Humans, animals and plants depend on the cycle of cellular respiration and photosynthesis for survival. Assessment is a valuable tool that can be used to gather this important information. Matsudaira, P. (2008). These are zero prep and provide easy differentiation, with both open response and scaffolded fill-in-the-blank versions. An electron carrier. ATP and NADPH are then used within the Calvin Cycle, a series of reactions which recycles these electron-carriers and produces glucose. This theory is backed by the evidence that both chloroplasts and mitochondria are surrounded in double membranes, a supposed remnant of the ancestral engulfing process. Process of Cellular Respiration. Cellular respiration produces oxygen, while photosynthesis uses oxygen. xZmo8^AE;tv+unGN,%j%&I(!rvM;|% './O0NnNO ! proprofs quiz photosynthesis aqa test questions aqa bbc bitesize quiz photosynthesis cliffsnotes brainpop photosynthesis flashcards quizlet science quiz biology photosynthesis ducksters 25 This extra glucose they store as starches and complex sugars. Which of the following choices represents the point at which mannose first enters the glycolytic pathway? No matter how you choose to use them, you can be sure that your students will be actively engaged and practicing critical thinking on multiple levels of difficulty.PLEASE NOTE: These task cards are also included in my ATP, Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Unit BundleEach of the 28 task cards includes:1. Palisade mesophyll because it's more packed. More Tests HEREMore on Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration HEREThe test is multiple choice, m, Are you teaching basic cellular processes like photosynthesis & respiration? Cellular Respiration BONUS QUESTION ON TEST>>> 2 points; point each. Some would harness sunlight, while others would feed upon those. when plants convert solar energy (sunlight) into their own food & energy, stored as chemical energy. FADH Quizzes with auto-grading, and real-time student data. The light reactions are because they use the light to excite electrons which help form NADPH from NADP+. Custom clipart brings the stages of each process to life and helps students to remember the concepts. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are both part of a mutually beneficial relationship. More on Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration HERE. Likewise, there are many less carnivores than there are herbivores, because they must feed on many smaller organisms throughout their life to grow and reproduce. The H+ gradient, which results from the movement of H+ ions, is driven back to the original spot on the other side of the membrane. The band between 380nm and 780nm is important because it is the spectrum seen by the human eye and the light that plants absorb. A stack of thylakoids is a granum. Which of the following statements is FALSE? C. ethyl alcohol. reading data from tables oxidative phosphorylation The cycle of photosynthesis and respiration maintains the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Each station comes with a description card while some also contain more detail, Life Science EDITABLE NOTES, POWERPOINT, and CHAPTER TEST for Cell Processes & Energy.The EDITABLE NOTES in this download are the SAME VERSION featured in my Life Science Interactive Notebook Photosynthesis, Cell Processes & Energy.The EDITABLE POWERPOINT features slides rich in content and allow for you to add or delete information and pictures.The EDITABLE TEST features a variety of questions in the form of multiple choice, sentence completion, diagram interpretation and essays.Secti, SAVE $$ and take the stress out of the end of the year review prep. For the photosynthesis or cellular respiration, choose where the statement occurs or is a charactaristic of photosynthesis or cellular respiration. The equation for photosynthesis of plant cells is: 6CO2 + 6 H2O + Sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2 ( 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + Sunlight Glucose + 6 Oxygen ) Cellular Respiration Equation It is important to note that cellular respiration, in general, is not a single process but is, in fact, a set of metabolic reactions. chemiosmosis C02-carbon dioxide; exhale the carbon dioxide, what is the main product from Cellular respiration, does cellular respiration follow the Law of Conservation, yes because the laws of conservation states that energy cant be created or destroyed but can be transferred, what is the importance of this process to members of a food web, it helps them gather food and energy to survive. A) the light-dependent reactions can occur only in the light, the light-independent reactions only in the dark. C) the light-dependent reactions produce the energy-rich compounds that are used to run the light-independent reactions. This DNA is replicated separately from the main DNA found within the nucleus. Photosynthesis is the process through which plants take in carbon dioxide and re-introduce oxygen to the atmosphere. 1. Below are some of the similarities and differences between these two systems. Because the more light that was present, the more bacteria. How does gas exchange take place in a leaf? There is the Palisade Mesophyll (closely packed upper layer) and the Spongy Mesophyll (spread out with air cavaties). 6CO2 + 6H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Some filters moved to Formats filters, which is at the top of the page. Parts of a Flower / Pollination / Photosynthesis / Cellular Respiration / Parts of a Leaf The reaction center is the protein complex that holds two chlorphyll a molecules and the primary electron acceptor. Carbon dioxide produced during respiration is one of the reactants plants need to perform photosynthesis. These 100 multiple choice questions call on students to remember, understand, apply, analyze and evaluate. What does the dark reactions use to create sugar? What is the epidermis of a leaf covered by? The interactive nature of the activities will immerse students and accelerate their learning and enjoyment in your class. Photosystem 1 and 2 compose the light reactions. All living organisms carry out some form of cellular respiration. A child and a sled with a combined mass of 50 kg slide down a frictionless hill 7.34 m high. Ligh-dependent reactions and the Calvin Cycle. (2018, August 15). oxygen Show full summary Want to create your own Quizzes for free with GoConqr? In doing so, they become the main products of the light reactions, NADPH and ATP. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are brought to life for your students in this unit bundle. What should be the magnet specications (magnet length and magnetic eld gradient)? Plants C. Meat. chemiosmosis NADH Carbon dioxide produced during respiration is one of the reactants plants need to perform photosynthesis. The green light that is reflected gives the plant its green color. photosynthesis and cellular respiration test, Also included in:Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration - Complete 5E Lesson Bundle, Also included in:Life Science Notes, PowerPoint & Chapter Tests Bundle, Also included in:Biology Task Cards Bundle: Ecology, Biochemistry, Cells, Energetics, Genetics, Also included in:Biology Concept Map Bundle: Ecology, Biochemistry, Cells, Energetics, & Genetics, Also included in:Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Bundle, Also included in:Cell Energy Bundle of Photosynthesis and Respiration Activities and Assessments, Also included in:NC Science Bundle- Entire Year - All Standards- Powerpoint and Word Wall, Also included in:BUNDLE AP Biology Full Year Curriculum Review/Learning Guides for Each Unit, Also included in:Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Unit Bundle - 8 Files, Also included in:AP Biology PowerPoints- FULL YEAR Bundle- Distance Learning Compatible. Acetyl CoA is also able to transfer into the mitochondria, where the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation will take place. Why? electron transport chain, 7. Great job! This worksheet is an assessment that you can use to assess your students' understanding of how energy is cycled through the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. The numbers represent the spectrum of light thata athey absorb the best. This is where the process of cellular respiration takes over. why or why not. How can a cell store small amounts of energy? It eases the fall of electrons from food to energy that gives off manageable amounts of energy instead of a free fall of energy that can't be used. Pre-made digital activities. They store their material during the night, so during the day, they can rarely to never open their stomata, and needed molecules like water aren't "accidentally" released. Its especially hard to write test questions that require more from your students than just rote memory of facts. **New 2019 resource**The AP Biology* exam has been updated for the 2019-2020 school year. This item is included in a Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Bundle for a 20% discount. What are autotrophs? Instead of iron, these heme cells bind magnesium. Photosynthesis used carbon dioxide, while cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide. It is composed of a double membrane, a dense fluid called the stroma, thylakoids, and granum or the stacks of thylakoids. Cellular Respiration's goal is to answer choices make water make ATP make glucose make oxygen Question 11 120 seconds Q. 2 0 obj Graphic organizer for differentiation and critical thinking questions are included.Use this activity in an interactive notebook or as a formative assessment / Exit Ticket.An Easel digital activity is included. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? The chloroplast uses the energy harnessed from these photons and their interaction with the cytochromes and other proteins to drive the formation of glucose. I will keep this test available to those that are looking for combined tests. Students compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration by cutting out and sorting organelles, molecules, reactants and products. ", Biologydictionary.net Editors. The photosystems create NADPH, which is used in the dark reactions to create glucose. Photosystem 2 occurs before photosystem 1. Water molecule is split=> O, H+ ions, and 2 e- Chloroplasts are located in the green parts of a plant. CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS TEST Term 1 / 65 Autotroph Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 65 an organism capable of synthesising its own food from inorganic substance - plants Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by Mia_Rasamny Terms in this set (65) Autotroph These molecules can bind a hydrogen, electrons, and energy. endobj Aerobic cellular respiration requires an adequate supply of A. carbon dioxide. all of these. Only one breaks glucose down C. Only one relies on a cycle of carbon molecules, 2. Respiration always occurs when we are breathing and 24 hours of the day and they occur in the mitochondria What gas is produced by plants in excess Oxygen For yeast to ferment no------- can be present Oxygen What are heterotrophs They get energy by consuming other organisms Cellular respiration has 4 distinct processes, which drive the creation of ATP. For example, both processes synthesize and use ATP, the energy currency. ATP Adenosine tri-phosphate ; this is the chemical energy for all known life. a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants. This converts NADP+ into NADPH. The following are the review questions that are covered on the test. As such, they could take in large quantities of smaller bacteria. b. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back. The process by which carbon changes from carbon dioxide to glucose and back is called a. Glycolysis b. The complex structure of the heme interacts with the photons of light passing through them. 3. The test is multiple choice, matching, and short answer. However, this is an aweso, Thank you for your interest in this 5th-8th grade 3-day lesson on photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It's closely packed so as to capture as much sunlight as possible. Animals must rely on the sugars that theyve gathered from plants to supply their mitochondria material to produce ATP. What are the two main reactions in photosynthesis? What is the basic energy source of all cells? The process of photosynthesis is used by plants and other photosynthetic organisms to produce energy, whereas the process of cellular respiration breaks down the energy for use. The topics included in these question/answer flash card format: If a dermatologistdermatologistdermatologist is a specialist in the study of the skin, what is a specialist in the study of the heart called? lactic acid, 10. What about Carbon Dioxide? All the butterflies in a meadow are killed with a pesticide. These ATP molecules are then exported from the mitochondria, and can be used throughout the cell to provide energy in other reactions. The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is such that the products of one system are the reactants of the other. Add highlights, virtual manipulatives, and more. SMCHS US History Semester 1 Final (Study Guid, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, Charles Welsh, Cynthia Prentice-Craver, David Shier, Jackie Butler, Ricki Lewis. glycolysis fermentation Learn more. What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? Cellular respiration in plants occurs only during the day. It keeps water in, and keeps the leaf from drying out. Eventually, some of the predatory bacteria became quite large. % Classwork Quiz French 1 - Les verbes en -er e, photosynthesis/ Cellular Respiration test rev, Amoeba Sisters Video Recap: DNA Replication /, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Test, Michelle Provost-Craig, Susan J. Through the stomata. During the night? Form 4-carbon sugars during fixation. This reads the amount of light absorbed and helps read the amount of light absorbed by photosynthesis. Y0|VRg#^T~5-E^5D~e\|5b5_`0(c8 2I`4MIHcNVo'B-cml0aLTR%-6hb( V(l0'2Lb(El$ This test was designed for high school biology and it assess the major parts of Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration. The stomata cause gas exchange; oxygen going out, and carbon dioxide going in. Crassulacean acid metabolism. Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, and Evolution, Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, and Ecology. What do plants use to create chemical energy (sugar/glucose)? Purestock / Getty Images. This electron transport chain uses a series of electron driven enzymes, which specialize in binding loose phosphate groups to ADP. Where does photosynthesis take place in plants? The 10 remaining 3-carbon molecules are converted back into 6 five-carbon molecules, which are used to begin the next cycle. a. autotrophs c. both autotrophs and heterotrophs b. small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move, list the reactants of cellular respiration and explain exactly how a plant will collect those materials, C6H12O6-glucose;plants can obtain/ make glucose from sunlight and chlorophyll Create your own Quiz Cells, just like any living thing, undergo cell respiration to produce energy. A free pr, Task cards are a versatile tool for the classroom. Cellular respiration produces oxygen, while photosynthesis uses oxygen. . They have a pigment molecule bound to a particular protein. Lodish, H., Berk, A., Kaiser, C. A., Krieger, M., Scott, M. P., Bretscher, A., . This is the entire range of radiation. Similarities between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration, Differences between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration. The separate tests are more detailed with more total questions. The stomata mainly function to absorb CO2 and release O2. Included in this growing bundle is an extensive review booklet/study guide and engaging games that keep students focused leading up to the state or class exam. glycolysis Mitochondria have a double outer membrane, an inner membrane, cristae folds for increased surface area, and the matrix. In total, there is 1 PowerPoint Presentation Lesson Plan, 1 Notes Outline, 3 Homework Assignments, 2 Quizzes, and 1 Unit Exam. This is the protein complex that produces ATP in theETC. *This test has been updated to separate Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration tests. It synthesizes ATP by moving hydrogen ions through it. They organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters called Photosystems, which are systems that use light. C. photosynthesis D. fermentation 8. While chloroplasts are only found in plants, mitochondria are found in all living eukaryotes. The mitochondria makes ATP energy for the cell. Mitochondria Perfect for distance learning or in class review!Each Essential Standard is written out on the left side of the paper, with focused, open ended questions on the right side for students, This Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Test has 24 multiple choice, short answer and essay questions on the topics of:Aerobic respiration, Anaerobic respiration, Carbon Dioxide, Photosynthesis Products and Reactants, Chlorophyll, Glycolysis, Cellular Respiration Formula, Photosynthesis Formula, Mitochondria, Cellular Respiration Products and Reactants, Lactic Acid, Source of Energy on Earth, Oxygen, Chloroplast, Waste Products, Nutrition A teacher answer key (guide) is included.