By the early 13th century, Pahang, Kuala Beranang and Kompei had established direct economic links with the Chinese port of Quanzhou. Already weakened, Srivijaya lost most of its remaining power in 1288 when the Singosari Empire from East Java incorporated them into their empire. Gradually, like Srivijaya, Melaka established a decentralized empire over much of coastal Malaya and eastern Sumatra. Arab accounts state that the empire of the Srivijayan Maharaja was so vast that the swiftest vessel would not have been able to travel around all its islands within two years. These rival estuarine areas, through raids and conquests, were held under Srivijayan power, such as the Batanghari estuarine (Malayu in Jambi). The different styles of bangles and beads represent the different regions of origin and their own specific materials and techniques used. What were some of the continuities that are still present from the Srivijaya in today's society? Main Menu. Can we please be friends bc ur really cool. He reigned as ruler from 792 to 835. The 2013 film Gending Sriwijaya for example, took place three centuries after the fall of Srivijaya, telling the story about the court intrigue amidst the effort to revive the fallen empire. Early 20th-century historians that studied the inscriptions of Sumatra and the neighboring islands thought that the term "Srivijaya" referred to a king's name. Hence, this state (Srivijaya) is a great shipping centre. During the same century, Langkasuka on the Malay Peninsula became part of Srivijaya. Being that historical evidence places the capital in Palembang, and in junction of three rivers, the Musi River, the Komering River, and the Ogan River, such model can be applied. [127] However, during the reign of Rajendra Chola I the relationship deteriorated as the Chola Dynasty started to attack Srivijayan cities. Monks would come from China to worship there. The Talang Tuwo inscription is also a siddhayatra inscription. However, some scholars believe that Chaiya probably comes from Srivijaya. In 1913, H. Kern was the first epigraphist that identified the name "Srivijaya" written in a 7th-century Kota Kapur inscription (discovered in 1892). This is another reason why the discovery of Srivijaya was so difficult. Did the Srivijaya Empire have any labor systems? [3], Around the end of the 11th century, the capital had moved to Jambi and would remain as its capital until the 13th century.[36]. The migration to Madagascar was estimated to have taken place 1,200 years ago around 830 CE. The Padang Roco Inscription was discovered in 1911 near the source of the Batang Hari river. [82], Srivijayan settlers may have colonized some parts of Madagascar. The relationship between Srivijayan in Sumatra (descendants of Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa) and Sailendras in Java exemplified this political dynamic. [123], Although historical records and archaeological evidence are scarce, it appears that by the 7th century, Srivijaya had established suzerainty over large areas of Sumatra, western Java and much of the Malay Peninsula. Srivijaya was then in frequent conflict with, and ultimately subjugated by, the Javanese kingdoms of Singhasari and, later, Majapahit. Consider the impacts of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. "Chinese records show tribute missions (trade) in the sixth, seventh, and eighth centuries and again in the tenth and eleventh. north high school principal; barb and star filming locations The main urban centres of Srivijaya were then at Palembang (especially the Karanganyar site near Seguntang Hill area), Muara Jambi and Kedah. Rejoiced, the Chinese Emperor named the temple Ch'eng-t'en-wan-shou ('ten thousand years of receiving blessing from heaven, which is China) and a bell was immediately cast and sent to Srivijaya to be installed in the temple. According to an extensive new mitochondrial DNA study, native Malagasy people today can likely trace their heritage back to 30 founding mothers who sailed from Indonesia 1,200 years ago. To successfully navigate the ports and marketplaces throughout the Malay Archipelago, a person had to be able to speak Old Malay. gene barry daughter. According to historian Paul Michel Munoz, the Javanese Sanjaya dynasty was a strong rival of Srivijaya in the 8th century when the Srivijayan capital was located in Java. The relations between Balaputra and Pramodhawardhani are interpreted differently by some historians. [101][98], This information may refer to sea and river warfare in particular given the extensive navigation capabilities of the Musi and Batang Hari rivers where the main centers of Srivijaya (Palembang and Jambi) were located. [42]:4, From the Old Malay inscriptions, it is notable that Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa launched a maritime conquest in 684 with 20,000 men in the siddhayatra journey to acquire wealth, power, and 'magical powers'. The 7th-century Sojomerto inscription mentioned that an Old Malay-speaking Shivaist family led by Dapunta Selendra had established themselves in the Batang area of the northern coast of Central Java. [124] Its location was instrumental in developing itself as a major connecting port between China and the Middle East to Southeast Asia. For example, Songshi and Wenxian Tongkao note that between 990 and 991, a Srivijayan envoy was unable to return from South China to Palembang because of the ongoing military conflict between Java and Srivijaya. [64][65][66], Rajendra Chola's overseas expeditions against Srivijaya were unique in India's history and its otherwise peaceful relations with the states of Southeast Asia. It was not until 1918 that French historian George Cds, of l'cole franaise d'Extrme-Orient, formally postulated its existence.[12]. bill bixby funeral. The empire was organised in three main zones: the estuarine capital region centred on Palembang, the Musi River basin which served as a hinterland, and competitor estuarine areas capable of forming competitor power centres. Srivijayan navigators may have reached as far as Madagascar. Influenced by the Javanese culture of the Sailendran-Srivijayan mandala (and likely eager to emulate the Javanese model in his court), he proclaimed Cambodian independence from Java and ruled as devaraja, establishing Khmer empire and starting the Angkor era. For example, an inscription detailing a speech from a park dedication in 684 CE depicts a Srivijayan king, Sri Jayanasa, as a. Srivijayan bronze torso statue of Boddhisattva Padmapani (Avalokiteshvara), eighth century CE (Chaiya, Surat Thani, Southern Thailand). He personally oversaw the construction of the grand monument of Borobudur; a massive stone mandala, which was completed in 825, during his reign. Cities such as Palembang, which were popular stops for Chinese Human-Environment Interaction Definition. Today, the influence of the Khmer, or Angkor, Empire remains scattered throughout the region in the form of ancient temples, monuments, and statues. "[4]:92 Samaratungga, just like Samaragrawira, seems to have been deeply influenced by peaceful Mahayana Buddhist beliefs and strove to become a peaceful and benevolent ruler. Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technology and facilitated changes in Supplementum, Vol. Later, a Chinese chronicle made mention of Shih-li-t-'o-pa-mo (Sri Indravarman) and how the Maharaja of Shih-li-fo-shih had sent the Chinese Emperor a ts'engchi (Chinese spelling of the Arabic Zanji) as a gift in 724. Srivijaya drew in priests from as far away as Korea.[120]. [88] When trying to prove this theory, there have been some discrepancies with the dating of said artifacts. Some northern urban settlements were sited due to some overlap in fitting the sinocentric model of city-state urban centers. This is based on the discovery of Bumiayu temple ruin, a red brick Shivaist Hindu temple compound built and used between the 8th to 13th century CE. Also, according to the inscriptions, Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa launched a military campaign against Java in the late 7th century, a period which coincided with the decline of Tarumanagara in West Java and the Kalingga in Central Java. Instead of traveling the entire distance from the Middle East to China, which would have taken about a year with the assistance of monsoon winds, it was easier to stop somewhere in the middle, Srivijaya. By that time Srivijayan trading centres remain in Palembang, and to further extent also includes ports of Jambi, Kedah and Chaiya; while its political, religious and ceremonial center was established in Central Java. A Tang dynasty Chinese monk, Yijing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in year 671 for six months. The empire thus grew to control trade on the Strait of Malacca, the western side of Java Sea, and possibly the Gulf of Thailand.[46]. Both ships carried a variety of foreign cargo and, in the case of the Belitung wreck, had foreign origins.[88]. In addition, Islam valued merchantsthe Prophet Muhammad himself was a trader and caravan leaderand wealthy Muslim . These included the Chinese monk Yijing, who made several lengthy visits to Sumatra on his way to study at Nalanda University in India in 671 and 695, and the 11th century Bengali Buddhist scholar Atisha, who played a major role in the development of Vajrayana Buddhism in Tibet. Some art was heavily influenced by Buddhism, further spreading religion and ideologies through the trade of art. [85], In the world of commerce, Srivijaya rose rapidly to be a far-flung empire controlling the two passages between India and China, namely the Sunda Strait from Palembang and the Malacca Strait from Kedah. All of them prepare and equip [themselves] with soldiers, equipment, and food. Srivijayas tribute consisted of pepper, resins, rattans, ivory, plumes, birds nests, turtles, sea cucumber, and mother-of-pearl; gifts from Chinas emperors to Srivijaya were industrial dyes, iron, ceramics, and silk. [52] According to Cds, "In the second half of the ninth century Java and Sumatra were united under the rule of a Sailendra reigning in Java its center at Palembang. [5], The oldest accounts of the empire come from Arabic and Chinese traders who noted in their travel logs of the importance of the empire in regional trade. Several artefacts such as fragments of inscriptions, Buddhist statues, beads, pottery and Chinese ceramics were found, confirming that the area had, at one time, dense human habitation. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. However, despite its economic, cultural and military prowess, Srivijaya left few archaeological remains in their heartlands in Sumatra, in contrast with the Sailendras of Central Java that produced numerous monuments; such as the Kalasan, Sewu, and Borobudur mandala. When the Chola Empire from South India raided and took indirect control of the Strait of Malacca in the thirteenth century, the Srivijaya Empire lost influence. Patterns of settlement trade routes Srivijayans helped establish continued to be widely used. The Buddhist temples dated from Srivijayan era in Sumatra are Muaro Jambi, Muara Takus and Biaro Bahal. Since the 7th century, the Old Malay language has been used in Nusantara (Malay for "Malay Archipelago"), marked by these Srivijayan inscriptions and other inscriptions using old Malay language in the coastal areas of the archipelago, such as those discovered in Java. Volume 1:Papers on Asian History, Religion, Languages, Literature, Music Folkfore and Anthropology" Artibus Asiae Publishers. Travellers to these islands mentioned that gold coins were in use in the coastal areas but not inland. draw) it by hand. [93], Previously it was assumed that Sriwijaya was a maritime power that could not be separated from ethnicity and society in the Malacca Strait. [83] Other sources claim that the Champa invasion had weakened the central government significantly, forcing vassals to keep the international trade revenue for themselves. [90], Arab writers of the 9th and 10th century, in their writings, considered the king of Al-Hind (India and to some extent might include Southeast Asia) as one of the four great kings in the world. The kingdom had developed a complex society; which characterised by heterogeneity of their society, inequality of social stratification, and the formation of national administrative institution in their kingdom. During its formation, the empire was organised in three main zones the estuarine capital region centred on Palembang, the Musi River basin which served as hinterland and source of valuable goods, and rival estuarine areas capable of forming rival power centres. [53], It is not known whether Balaputra was expelled from Central Java because of a succession dispute with Pikatan, or that he already ruled in Suvarnadvipa or Suvarnabhumi (ancient name of Sumatra). This is probably because of the nature of Palembang environment a low-lying plain which frequently flooded by Musi River. What goods were actually native to Srivijaya is currently being disputed due to the volume of cargo that regularly passed through the region from India, China, and Arabia. srivijaya empire interactions with the environment. 'Giant Harbour', this is probably a testament of its history as once a great port. Chola influence extends to northwest India and the Srivijaya Empire. Today only a few ruins and artifacts hint of the once-great Srivijaya, but its greatest port, Palembang, is a bustling center for Indonesia's oil industry, with a mostly Muslim population. Old Malay is an Indonesian language from the Austronesian family. Also, regional accounts that some might be preserved and retold as tales and legends, such as the Legend of the Maharaja of Javaka and the Khmer King also provide a glimpse of the kingdom. 7900 oak lane suite 200 miami lakes, fl 33016. newborn take me home outfit boy. What was the Srivijayan social structure (ex. [133] For centuries, Srivijaya, through its expansion, economic power and military prowess, was responsible for the widespread of Old Malay throughout the Malay Archipelago. The 7th-century siddhayatra inscriptions discovered in Palembang and Bangka Island are also vital primary historical sources. [i][17], Subsequently, after studying local stone inscriptions, manuscripts and Chinese historical accounts, historians concluded that the term "Srivijaya" was actually referred to a polity or kingdom. Force was the dominant element in the empire's relations with competitor river systems such as the Batang Hari River, centred in Jambi. How were people able to cross the SriVijaya Kingdom when trading. The Buddhist art of the Srivijayan Kingdom was believed to have borrowed from Indian styles like that of the Dvaravati school of art. In Java, Dharanindra's successor was Samaragrawira (r. 800819), mentioned in the Nalanda inscription (dated 860) as the father of Balaputradewa, and the son of ailendravamsatilaka (the jewel of the ailendra family) with the stylised name being rviravairimathana (the slayer of a heroic enemy), which refers to Dharanindra. Direct link to Om, Maelyn-Rose's post 11:17 how did these relig, Posted 3 years ago. [48] The ruling lineage of Srivijaya then intermarried with the Sailendras of Central Java. the persons onboard the merchant ships have to be killed). [18] There had been no continuous knowledge of the history of Srivijaya even in Indonesia and Maritime Southeast Asia; its forgotten past has been resurrected by foreign scholars. Compared to Palembang, Muaro Jambi has richer archaeological sites, i.e. This linguistic policy was probably stemmed from the rather egalitarian nature of Mahayana Buddhist adhered in Srivijaya, in contrast to the elitist nature of Hinduism. The Melayu Kingdom's gold mines up in the Batang Hari River hinterland were a crucial economic resource and may be the origin of the word Suvarnadvipa, the Sanskrit name for Sumatra. These inscriptions were in the Old Malay language, the language used by Srivijaya and also the ancestor of Malay and Indonesian language. [139][140] In popular culture, Srivijaya has become the sources on inspiration for numbers of fictional feature films, novels and comic books. [126], Some historians claim that Chaiya in Surat Thani Province in southern Thailand was, at least temporarily, the capital of Srivijaya, but this claim is widely disputed. [1] Nevertheless, Palembang left little archaeological traces of ancient urban settlement. Unlike the expansionist Dharmasetu, Samaratungga did not indulge in military expansion but preferred to strengthen the Srivijayan hold of Java. Direct link to Hassan's post How were people able to c. Definition. Srivijaya continued to grow; by the year 1000 it controlled most of Java, but it soon lost it to Chola, an Indian maritime and commercial kingdom that found Srivijaya to be an obstacle on the sea route between South and East Asia. Arriving at the enemy, they dare to die (i.e. [19] Cds noted that the Chinese references to Sanfoqi, previously read as Sribhoja or Sribogha, and the inscriptions in Old Malay refer to the same empire.[20]. By the 13th century, the Singhasari empire, the successor state of Kediri in Java, rose as a regional hegemon in maritime Southeast Asia. For some periods, Srivijaya controlled the transoceanic trade in its central passage in the Strait of Malacca, as part of the Maritime Silk Road. The Srivijayan envoy then sailed back to China and appealed to the Chinese Emperor for the protection of Srivijaya against Javanese invaders. 600 - 1450 Regional and interregional interactions. The Chinese called it Sanfotsi, Sanfoqi or Che-li-fo-che (Shilifoshi), and there was an even older kingdom of Kantoli, which could be considered the predecessor of Srivijaya. [38] This period was also a time for art. [citation needed] According to this theory, Samara launched a massive annihilation against Chola and claimed the Srivijaya throne in 1045. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. [12] Palembang is called in Chinese: ; pinyin: J gng; lit. [6] Srivijaya was an important centre for the expansion of Buddhism from the 7th to the 12th century AD. Direct link to dpau0197's post Can you tell us exactly w, Posted 3 years ago. However, between the 9th and the 12th centuries, the influence of Srivijaya seems to have extended far beyond the core. It was involved in close interactions, often rivalries, with the neighbouring Mataram, Khmer and Champa. The main concern is to define Srivijaya's amorphous statehood as a thalassocracy, which dominated a confederation of semi autonomous harbour cities in Maritime Southeast Asia. Parameters for such a model of a city-like settlement included isolation in relevance to its hinterland. A portion of their revenue was required to be paid to the king. A majority of the revenue from international trade was used to finance the military which was charged with the responsibility of protecting the ports. Srivijaya had religious, cultural and trade links with the Buddhist Pala of Bengal, as well as with the Islamic Caliphate in the Middle East. [4]:92 Unlike his predecessor, the expansive and warlike Dharanindra, Samaragrawira seems to have been a pacifist, enjoying the peaceful prosperity of interior Java in the Kedu Plain and being more interested in completing the Borobudur project. If merchant ships cross [the vicinity] and do not enter [i.e. One off the coast of Belitung, an island east of Sumatra, and another near Cirebon, a coastal city on the nearby island of Java. In response to the change in the maritime Asian economy, and threatened by the loss of its dependencies, Srivijaya developed a naval strategy to delay its decline. The empiretraded extensively with India and China, incorporating Buddhist and Chinese political practices into their traditions. Sometime around 903, the Muslim writer Ibn Rustah was so impressed with the wealth of the Srivijayan ruler that he declared that one would not hear of a king who was richer, stronger or had more revenue. [67], The raids gravely weakened the Srivijayan hegemony and enabled the formation of regional kingdoms like Kediri, which were based on intensive agriculture rather than coastal and long-distance trade. Melayu, also known as Jambi, was rich in gold and held in high esteem at the time. Expert suggests that the ancient Palembang settlement was formed as a collection of floating houses made from thatched materials, such as wood, bamboo and straw roof. [22] While some of these names are strongly reminiscent of the name of Java, there is a distinct possibility that they may have referred to Sumatra instead. [79] The 1286 inscription states that under the order of king Kertanegara of Singhasari, a statue of Amoghapasa Lokeshvara was transported from Bhumijawa (Java) to Suvarnabhumi (Sumatra) to be erected at Dharmasraya. The settlement must also have access to both easy transportation and major interregional trade routes, crucial in a region with few resources. [58][61][62][63] Even today the Chola rule is remembered in Malaysia as many Malaysian princes have names ending with Cholan or Chulan, one such was the Raja of Perak called Raja Chulan. Dewi Tara, the daughter of Dharmasetu, married Samaratunga, a member of the Sailendra family who assumed the throne of Srivijaya around 792. At any time that a mobilisation order is established, chieftains [are the ones who] command [the troops]. Srivijaya was the first polity to dominate much of western Maritime Southeast Asia. For the system to function appropriately, several constraints are required. Zhu fan zhi also states that Java (Kediri) was ruled by a maharaja and included the following "dependencies": Pai-hua-yuan (Pacitan), Ma-tung (Mataram), Ta-pen (Tumapel, now Malang), Hi-ning (Dieng), Jung-ya-lu (Hujung Galuh, now Surabaya), Tung-ki[ii] (Jenggi, West Papua), Ta-kang (Sumba), Huang-ma-chu (Southwest Papua), Ma-li (Bali), Kulun[iii] (Gurun, identified as Gorong or Sorong in West Papua or an island in Nusa Tenggara), Tan-jung-wu-lo (Tanjungpura in modern-day West Kalimantan, Borneo), Ti-wu (Timor), Pingya-i (Banggai in Sulawesi) and Wu-nu-ku (Maluku). Based on an archaeological study on the Bumiayu temple complex in Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir Regency, South Sumatra, it can be seen that songket has been known by the people of South Sumatra since the 9th century CE. [116] People making pilgrimages were encouraged to spend time with the monks in the capital city of Palembang on their journey to India.[116]. She was born in Kashmir, India but is Hindu. Direct link to mac's post What was the Srivijayan s, Posted 5 months ago. Cultural Interactions Along Trade Routes. Rajendra Chola, the Chola king from Tamil Nadu in South India, launched naval raids on ports of Srivijaya in 1025. An aerial photograph taken in 1984 near Palembang (in what is now Srivijaya Archaeological Park) revealed the remnants of ancient man-made canals, moats, ponds, and artificial islands, suggesting the location of Srivijaya's urban centre. Some Indian and Arabic accounts also vaguely describe the riches and fabulous fortune of the king of Zabag. Chinese sources also mentioned that Srivijaya hosts thousands of Buddhist monks. There are also reports mentioning the Java-Srivijayan raids on Southern Cambodia (Mekong estuarine) and ports of Champa. Sanskrit was only known by a limited circle; brahmin (priests) and kavi (poets), while Old Malay was a common language in Srivijayan realm. Warmadewa was known as an able and astute ruler, with shrewd diplomatic skills. This decision was later proven to be a mistake, as Jayavarman II revolted, moved his capital further inland north from Tonle Sap to Mahendraparvata, severing the link to Srivijaya and proclaimed Khmer independence from Java in 802. The most important legacy of Srivijayan empire was probably its language. This means that between 1178 and 1225 the Srivijaya kingdom centered in Palembang was defeated by the Malayu kingdom centered in Jambi. After the bronze and Iron Age, an influx of bronze tools and jewelry spread throughout the region. Updates? In 1905 Prince Damrong Rajanubhab removed the statue from Wat Wiang, Chaiya, Surat Thani to Bangkok National Museum, Thailand. Srivijaya and its kings were instrumental in the spread of Buddhism as they established it in places they conquered like Java, Malaya, and other lands. The earliest reference to it dates from the 7th century. [citation needed], The main interest of Srivijayan foreign economic relations was to secure a highly lucrative trade agreement to serve a large Chinese market, that span from the Tang dynasty to the Song dynasty era. Posted on Haziran 25, 2022 | By Byline. [82], In addition to coercive methods through raids and conquests and being bound by pasumpahan (oath of allegiance), the royalties of each kadatuan often formed alliances through dynastic marriages. In 999 the Srivijayan envoy sailed from China to Champa in an attempt to return home, however, he received no news about the condition of his country. r[13] means "fortunate", "prosperous", or "happy" and Vijaya[14] means "victorious" or "excellence". An approach to differentiate between urban settlements in the southern regions from the northern ones of Southeast Asia was initiated by a proposition for an alternative model. The top of the stone is adorned with seven nga heads, and on the lower portion there is a type of water spout to channel liquid that was likely poured over the stone during a ritual. A statuette found in the same area did align with Srivijayan chronology, but it has been suggested that this is merely a coincidence and the product was actually brought to the region recently. Many Religions and ethnicities muslims hindus (mainly) Economic Agricultural and pastoral production Trade and commerce Labor systems Tax collection and purposes gold Spices Critical choke point Taxed ships Trade with china and india Fishing Rice farming Exported Nilakanta Sastri suggests that the attacks were probably caused by Srivijaya's attempts to throw obstacles in the way of the Chola trade with the East or, more probably, a simple desire on the part of Rajendra Chola to extend his military victories to the well known countries to gain prestige. Interactions with the Despite the Srivijaya Empire's decline, the While it was centuries of conflict with The Rajputs regard themselves as descendants or Environment How did the environment shape and/or impact this society? This year (i.e. It was an easy location for traders from different regions to meet as opposed to visiting each other directly. Some forms of metallurgy were used as jewelry, currency (coins), as status symbolsfor decorative purposes. 250 years later, the monk Yijing stayed in Srivijaya for six months and studied Sanskrit. Unlike Hinduism, Mahayana Buddhism did not emphasize the caste system that limiting the use and knowledge of liturgical language only to Brahmin caste. A particularly popular form of Buddhism in the Srivijaya Empire was, The influence of Buddhism also affected political structures in the Srivijaya Empire. The general political and economic pattern of the region seems irrelevant to other parts of the world of their time, but in correlation with their maritime trade network, it produced high levels of socio-economic complexity. Yijing and other monks of his time practiced a pure version of Buddhism although the religion allowed for cultural changes to be made. The rise of the Umayyad (661-750 CE) and Abbasid (750-1258) caliphates on the Arabian Peninsula provided a powerful western node for the trade routes. The kingdom was centered around Palembang, on the volcanic island of Sumatra, to the west of Java. sofia the first: forever royal part 2; chef saul montiel recipes. Srivijaya' own historical documents, inscriptions in Old Malay, are limited to the second half of the 7th century. He had embarked on a sacred siddhayatra[41] journey and led 20,000 troops and 312 people in boats with 1,312 foot soldiers from Minanga Tamwan to Jambi and Palembang. Direct link to George Estep's post China did trade with the , Posted 2 years ago. In the fortified city of Bhoga [Palembang, Srivijaya's capital] Buddhist priests number more than 1,000, whose minds are bent on learning and good practices. Later, the naval strategy degenerated to raiding fleet. The large number of ground troops shows that the Sriwijaya navy only acts as a minor provider of logistical support. [138] Srivijaya has become the focus of national pride and regional identity, especially for the people of Palembang, South Sumatra province as a whole. [129] After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra Chola, the Tambralinga kingdom requested aid from the Srivijaya king, Sangrama Vijayatungavarman. At times, the Chola seafaring led to outright plunder and conquest as far as Southeast Asia.