Also note that a1 is essentially "remultiplied" by two just by putting it in front of a[0], so it is automatically fit into the correct column. (e) Computers have evolved through many generations over the explain the five generations the computers have evolved through. increased. 2kb and speed of processing was also very low. Neumann Architecture Model and To execute an assembly language program it should first be translates into an equivalent machine language program. This is inflexible and so regular ROMs are only used generally for programs that are static (not changing often) and mass-produced. capability of retrieving data on a huge basis. Personal computer users, who never seem to have enough hard disk storage space, may turn to a removable hard disk cartridge. Consists of programs that control operations of the computer and enable user to make efficient use of computers. To understand binary numbers, begin by recalling elementary school math. Merriam-Webster Dictionary The definition from the (
): "one that computes; specifically : a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data", What different types of computers are there ? software The methods we will consider here are the sector method and the cylinder method. This can also be written as [(1*2^2)+(1*2^0)]. Then we just put this into columns. To multiply by two, just add a 0 on the end. This is useful for companies that make their own ROMs from software they A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, So can be able to read and write into the main memory (RAM). gigabytes. Each disk in the pack has top and bottom surfaces on which to record data. This is a technology whereby stored data can be retrieved in only the order in which it is it is physically stored. Furthermore, data security is improved because if a disk fails, the disk system can reconstruct data on an extra disk; thus, computer operations can continue uninterrupted. This categories are based on size, price and capabilities. For Continue counting: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 18, 19, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F. We know that: and so on. Computers, in contrast, permit storage on tape or disk in extremely compressed form. EAROM information and issue commands to the computer. III. We know that since it is odd, there must be a 1 in the 2^0 column (a[0]=1). There is more than one way of physically organizing data on a disk. The number 76, for example, takes only two digits to write in decimal, yet takes seven digits to write in binary (1001100). The small circuitry that resulted improved the processing speed i.e. does not cover memory design in any depth and I will provide detailed Storage capacity was When you remove the DIMM memory module from its packaging hold it by the edges, try not to touch the gold coloured contacts, as this can damage the memory. It is the smallest of the three computers. Windows is a Graphical user interface based operating system. The first motherboards held very few actual components. You should also refer to the lecture notes available from the textbook website. It Converts an classified and known as super computer. ); it can be written to, but only once. A disk pack has a series of access arms that slip in between the disks in the pack. It works by letting you "burn" programs onto blanks once and then letting you A motherboard allows all the parts of your computer to receive power and communicate with one another. the most flexible type of ROM, and is now commonly used for holding BIOS High level language permits the user to use understandable codes using the language structure. Once the commands are entered on the prompt a command line interpreter(CLI) identifies and executes the commands. i.e., the programs were machine dependent. Typically the clock pulse rate in 2000 is around 500 megahertz (million cycles per second). The set of instructions is often called a program or, if the set is particularly large and complex, a system. Almost all the computers used nowadays are digital computers and we will (a) Supercomputers (b) Mainframe (c) Mini computer (d) Micro computer. Compiler, Program In a command based interface the user enters commands through an interactive terminal. The first place to start is always confirming that the power supply is operating properly. They can be used as servers in companies. The design of these computers was based on VLSI (very large scale integration) technology, the micro chip technology that gave rise to the smaller computers known as the micro computers in use today. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations WebComputer Organization and Architecture Tutorial provides in-depth knowledge of internal working, structuring, and implementation of a computer system. retrieve, and process data", What different types of computers are there? Picture Window theme. For the number 163, this works as follows: Temporary Result: 01 New D=81 D does not equal 0, so we repeat step 2. The first calculating device, which was used 2000 years ago was called abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. chip(IC). The two components (hardware, software) will be discussed later in other abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. Governments specially use this type of computer for their different calculations and heavy jobs. can do some action Mouse is a common pointing device Output devices Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): The next level of erasability is the EEPROM, which can be erased under software control. Graphical user interface has some disadvantages such as. ntz0_u.E5Yo!& Consider the addition of decimal numbers: We begin by adding 3+8=11. Micro computers Number Logical operations it compares two data items to determine whether the But the DVD will undoubtedly gain a place as the successor to the CD ROM and is playing an important role in the blending of computers and entertainment centers. Assembly language is translated into machine code using an assembler before they can be executed. D. Buses; control bus, data bus, Address Bus, SCSI, EISA, MCA, IV. individuals. These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. Once full, a removable hard disk cartridge can be replaced with a fresh one. Storage capacity is unquestionably one of the most valuable assets of the computer. For example, "3" in binary cannot be put into one column. Dynamic RAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second. 2 Central Processing Unit (CPU)/Processor: It is the main part of a computer system like the brain of a human being. Printout is permanent (c) Explain the use of registers in the CPU. This presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative Although an individual probably cannot imagine generating enough output-letters, budgets, reports, and so forth-to fill a hard disk, software packages take up a lot of space and can make a dent rather quickly. C. Motherboard and CPU Troubleshooting In the 1950s computer manufacturers and user groups started to develop the high level languages in order to allow application programs, which are machine independent. Ultraviolet light of a specific frequency can be shined through this These computers used transistors after invention of transistors. Since each sector on the disk holds the same amount of data, more sectors mean more data storage than if all tracks had the same number of sectors. Although the user enter data in decimal or character form, it is converted into binary digits programmer, including the instruction set, word size, memory address This translates into putting a "1" in the 2^1 column and a "1" in the 2^0 column, to get "11". History of computers floppy disk controller. stream lecture notes available from the. These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. Explain the characteristics of computers and how they are different from Obviously this is much more useful than a regular Record the 1. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; When the human race started doing some trade, it felt a need for a calculating device. I. process millions of instruction per second and capable of accessing billions of The fact that a disk is circular presents a problem: The distances around the tracks on the outside of the disk are greater than that of the tracks or the inside. An operating system acts as foundation on which other application software can be installed. Box 342-01000 Thika [email protected] Email: www.mku.ac.ke Web: Instructional Manual for BBIT Distance Learning. The first column we fill is the rightmost column, which is 2^0, or 1. video into a computer. A typical data bus consists of 8, 16, or separate lines. A bit is used to represent information in the computer. Temporary Result: 11 New D=40 D does not equal 0, so we repeat step 2. o Voice input device- A computer I/O device in which vocal commands They are used to enter information and issue commands to the computer. How data files are stored in secondary storage varies with the types of media and devices you are using. Following this, the changes were frequent and the mechanical desk calculator was developed around 1800 A.D. Each peripheral device operates in a different way and hence these devices cannot be connected directly to the processor. A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, touch pads and joystick are examples of input devices. Storage capacity was very low i.e. We also know that it equals 162+1. A disadvantage of a removable hard disk is that it takes longer to access data than a built-in hard drive. Software is simply set of instructions that cause a computer to perform one or more tasks. drive. AxgyL@0#jE:3tBP20zivoKJ]2w\$wkNIkyDXQwsACvc; hq W j Each column in hexadecimal is worth 16 times the column before, while each column in binary is worth 2 times the column before. Web6.823 is a course in the department's "Computer Systems and Architecture" concentration. The speed of these machines was described in nanoseconds (1/1,000,000,000 of a second). o Scanner allows you to scan documents, pictures, or graphics and view These two "bridges" connect the CPU to other parts of the computer. In fact, programming a PROM is also called burning , WebComputer hardware components can generally be broken down into three categories: Processing Processing components are responsible for actually carrying out actions in Similarly, multiplying by 2 shifts in the other direction: {a[n]*2^n + a[n-1]*2^(n-1) + + a[1]*2^1 + a[0]*2^0}/2. and cost goals. A single bit alone cannot represent a number, letters or special characters, to represent information; bits are combined into groups of eight. A binary digit (1 or 0) is known as a BInary digiT which in short is a bit. At the beginning of each fetch-execute cycle, the interrupt register is checked. IV. A computer has to main components; The transistor is III. ()Instruction set architecture, or ISA, is the abstract image of a computing ()system that is seen by a machine language (or assembly language()programmer, including the instruction set, word size, memory address ()modes, processor registers, and address and data formats. {HnzIxfjw^K](^$L For example, the textbook the lecture -- the notes posted here provide, in some cases, more State and explain any five characteristics of storage. programs. II. Our "new" 2^0 column now contains a1. This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer. When you hear reference to a "flash BIOS" or doing a BIOS upgrade by "flashing", this refers to reprogramming the BIOS EEPROM with a special software program. Hard disks come in a variety of sizes. Inside the computer Decode translate the program instruction into commands that the State three types of computer buses. Since 0011=3 and 0101=5, the corresponding hexadecimal number is 35. http://www.math.grin.edu/~rebelsky/Courses/152/97F/Readings/student-binary, Answers 1 255 2. a) 3 b) 6 3. a) 110010 4. a) 1011 5 a) 13, c) 10 d) 65 b) 1001011 d) 1000011c) 11111010. o Pointing Devices Pointing devices move some object on the screen and of Maryland. Minicomputers The group of connected disks operates as if it were just one large disk, but it speeds up reading and writing by having multiple access paths. Furthermore, as we will see, disk data can be accessed directly, as opposed to data on tape, which can be accessed only by passing by all the data ahead of it on the tape. (a). Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. The benefits of secondary storage can be summarized as follows: These benefits apply to all the various secondary storage devices but, as you will see, some devices are better than others. There are several specific form factors that most PC motherboards use so that they can all fit in standard cases. A little glass window is installed in the top of the ROM package, through which you can actually see the chip that holds the memory. Announcements Contact Information Lecture Notes: Lectures marked TBU will be updated as semester progresses. They are usually called personal computers since they are designed to be used by individuals. multiple processor system with parallel processing. It can process trillions of instructions in Compact Disk-Writable (CD-R): A CD-R is highly effective for storing a large amount of data. Organization: Cache, Main Memory, This fact makes it easy to convert between binary and hexadecimal. Writing takes place in a single pass of the focused laser beam. These computers were mostly Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): An EPROM is a ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed. Following this, the changes were I. Flash memory is used for easy and fast information storage in computers, digital cameras and home video game consoles. Representations -- Datatypes and They are referred to as binary digits i.e. Hardware It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and )wG-$b!vQs@K%quHPg$*^SQ2W9DmwC~#p2Yq$
6QY >.Se:;r,Cfmw>?o"Nf=n=EV-$k_yBpR!lde])Y^o$,"*Tt *ieHqnUHHq 9 The DVD is a flat disk, the size of a CD -4.7 inches diameter and .05 inches thick. advancement in computer architecture to current technologies Purpose of the course next change came after about 1600 years. The records are read in sequence. Next, add {(2+4) +1} (the one is from the carry)=7, which is put in the 10's column of the sum. Using a method called helical scan recording, DAT wraps around a rotating read/write head that spins vertically as it moves. This is even, so we put a 0 in the 8's column. frequent and the mechanical desk calculator was developed around 1800 A. implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on Memory parity error, Arithmetic overflow Division by zero Attempt to execute an illegal machine instruction Reference outside a users allowed memory space, Generated by internal clock within the processor, I/O device signals normal completion or the occurrence of an error condition. These suites offer four or more software products packaged together at a much lower price than buying the packages separately. Microsoft, Borland, IBM, and other companies make 5GL visual programming products for developing applications in Java, for example. Nederlnsk - Frysk (Visser W.), Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers (Douglas C. Montgomery; George C. Runger), Principles of Marketing (Philip Kotler; Gary Armstrong; Valerie Trifts; Peggy H. Cunningham), Big Data, Data Mining, and Machine Learning (Jared Dean), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart). Once the data has been processed by the processor, the data can be displayed by the output devices. Rewriting an EAROM is intended to be an infrequent operation -most of the time the memory is used as a ROM. Lecture 11 (Mar 17): Main Memory: Design and Architecture, Presentation Research in Computer Architecture, Presentation will be uploaded next : End of class : The course ends here, schedule for final test is based on the Covid situation! C. Interrupts; types of interrupt, interrupt priorities, interrupt handler. There are many reasons for a slow computer, but upgrading the computer's hardware can help speed it up. Includes the semester schedule and a complete set of PowerPoint lecture notes and associated code, updated for CS:APP3e. In assembly language mnemonic codes are used to develop program for problem solving. The assembler itself could be written in assembly code or in a high level language such as C which has special facilities useful for this kind of programming. Explain how information is stored in a computer Free download engineering ppt pdf slides lecture notes seminars, [email protected]. changed. This is To provide an in-depth presentation of computer hardware and software with more emphasis on the more technical aspects of computing such as troubleshooting and upgrading computers. This holding place is known as memory also called main storage and is internal to the computer consisting of RAM and possibly ROM. called a mother board. MCA, or the Micro Channel bus, was a competition for ISA bus. As you know, the decimal system uses the digits 0-9 to represent numbers. The following are the different types of interrupt that could occur; There is a special register in the CPU called the interrupt register. computational machines. Some of the other standards include: The socket for the microprocessor determines what kind of Central Processing Unit (CPU) the motherboard uses. Record the 11. The size of a hard drive is usually expressed in terms of megabytes and data .They are physically very large in size with very high capacity of main Hybrid Computers: Hybrid computers incorporate the technology of both analog and Years later, we learned that the ones column meant 10^0, the tens column meant 10^1, the hundreds column 10^2 and so on, such that. time was measured in micro-seconds. Software: Categories of software, System software, applications software, In order to synchronise the various steps carried out during the fetch-execute cycle, all the processors have an internal clock which generates regularly timed pulses. These computers are used in networking .examples of micro computers are IBM PCs BBC micro etc. A. Lecture Notes on Computer Architecture November 2018 Authors: Firoz Mahmud Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology Figures Content uploaded by 18-213 18-240. Newer technologies such as DDR II and SLDRAM (Synclink DRAM) are emerging. Web1 cache.1 361 Computer Architecture Lecture 14: Cache Memory cache.2 The Motivation for Caches Motivation: Large memories (DRAM) are slow Small memories (SRAM) are fast Make the average access time small by: Servicing most accesses from a small, fast memory. SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) divides RAM into two separate memory banks to increase the processing of the memory requests. The drive sells for around $80-$125. unit, memory (ROM, RAM). Binary is an effective number system for computers because it is easy to implement with digital electronics. Hard disk capacity for personal computers has soared in recent years; capacities of hundreds of megabytes are common and gigabytes are not unusual. In our vertical notation. In effect, a removable cartridge is as portable as a diskette, but the disk cartridge holds much more data. Thus, we would put a 1 in the 2^6 column, and subtract 64 from 75, giving us 11. When you play movies, your hardware (MPEG decoder. Hardware units (Devices) of a computer can be categorized into five units; An input device lets you communicate with a computer. For example, putting ten in the 10^0 column is impossible, so we put a 1 in the 10^1 column, and a 0 in the 10^0 column, thus using two columns. The truth is, of all the four subsystems represented in this table, hard drives are probably the most reliable. to the C language (part 1/2), Introduction A hard disk is a metal platter coated with magnetic oxide that can be magnetized to represent data. The processor communicates and controls a peripheral device through an I/O or device controller. Data can be obtained quickly from anywhere on the media. Pages 4-. Generations of computers The cost of computers decreased and the speed increased. within a computing system such as: Objectives WebComputer architecture, like other architecture, is the art of determining the needs of the user of a structure and then designing to meet those needs as effectively as possible within economic and technological constraints. F.P. We start by looking at the different types of computer components and how they interact during basic computer operations. Binary addition works on the same principle, but the numerals are different. This bus is bi-directional meaning that signals can be carried in both directions. more emphasis on the more technical aspects of computing such as Each bit of the register represents a different type of interrupt, and if a bit is set, the state of the current process is saved and the operating system routes control to the appropriate interrupt handler. A. What we're doing here is finding the largest power of two within the number (2^2=4 is the largest power of 2 in 5), subtracting that from the number (5-4=1), and finding the largest power of 2 in the remainder (2^0=1 is the largest power of 2 in 1). We're left with 1, which goes in 2^0, and we subtract one to get zero. For example, to convert 110101 to hexadecimal, first add two zeros at the beginning of the number to make it 00110101. Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 are 1.2 GHz to 3.33 GHz, 1.06 GHz to 3.6 GHz and 1.06 GHz to 3.46 GHz, respectively. Computer Organization and Architecture lecture notes include computer organization and architecture handwritten notes, computer organization and architecture book, computer organization and architecture courses, computer organization and architecture syllabus, computer organization and architecture Please note the direction of the arrows as it depicts the flow of the data and instructions. What happens when, for example, a key on the keyboard is pressed, thus generating an interrupt? Instruction set architecture System organization (processor, memory, I/O) Micro-architecture Learn methods of evaluating performance Metrics Benchmarks Learn how to make systems go fast Pipelining, caching Parallelism Learn how to make systems less power hungry (maybe) Video Failure Troubleshooting For example, a transistor with five volts would be considered "on", while a transistor with no voltage would be considered "off." usually called personal computers since they are designed to be used by Direct-access storage allows you to access the 125th record without first having to read the 124 records in front of it. design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. The basic functions of an operating system are; A stand a lone operating system controls a single computer that is not connected to others on a network. Huge information for future use never seem to have enough hard disk storage space, turn! Has to main components ; the transistor is III change came after about years. Make 5GL visual programming products for developing applications in Java, for example processed by the output.. [ 0 ] =1 ): APP3e your hardware ( MPEG decoder represent numbers reasons for a computer., and we subtract one to get zero when, for example ( decoder. Varies with the types of computer Buses simply set of instructions that cause a computer can written! Datatypes and they are different from Obviously this is even, so we put a on... 2^0 ) ] the digits 0-9 to represent numbers ROMs are only used generally for programs that static... The truth is, of all the four subsystems represented in this table, hard drives probably! For BBIT Distance Learning 2000 is around 500 megahertz ( million cycles per second ) by! 64 from 75, giving us 11 than a regular record the 1, 16, or micro. How data files are stored in a computer to implement with digital electronics since they are designed to be infrequent. The cylinder method in standard cases here are the different types of media and you. Are emerging and fundamental operational structure of a computer can be written to, only. Series of access arms that slip in between the disks in the column! Digits 0-9 to represent information in the 2^0 column ( a [ 0 ] =1 ) RAM two!, touch pads and joystick are examples of input devices to store information. Offer four or more tasks and to execute an assembly language mnemonic are! Device controller separate lines the prompt a command line interpreter ( CLI ) identifies and the. Called personal computers since they are usually called personal computers since they are designed to refreshed... Binary can not be put into one column a specific frequency can be retrieved in the... Used as a ROM input devices users, who never computer architecture ppt lecture notes to have enough disk! Drives are probably the most reliable seminars, copyright @ engppt.com whereby stored can! Beginning of each fetch-execute cycle, the interrupt register is checked displayed by the processor, the interrupt.... User enters commands through an I/O or device controller ; capacities of hundreds of megabytes are common and gigabytes not. Digital electronics on a disk pack has a series of access arms slip... They interact during basic computer operations Synchronous DRAM ) are emerging is simply set instructions.: we begin by recalling elementary school math wraps around a rotating read/write head that spins vertically as it.! '' concentration the first column we fill is the rightmost column, and other companies make 5GL visual programming for. Access data than a regular record the 1, if the set is particularly large and complex, system! University of engineering & technology Figures Content uploaded by 18-213 18-240 how data files are stored a... Our `` new '' 2^0 column ( a [ 0 ] =1 ), there must be a 1 the. Is bi-directional meaning that signals can be carried in both directions specific frequency can be installed information... Output devices space, may turn to a removable hard disk capacity for personal computers since they different! To access data than a built-in hard drive used as a diskette, but only.! A second ) 5GL visual programming products for developing applications in Java for... They can be shined through this these computers were mostly Erasable Programmable ROM ( EPROM:! Both directions control bus, data bus, was a competition for ISA bus it an! Is translated into machine code using an assembler before they can all in. Disk pack has a series of access arms that slip in between the disks in the 2^0 column ( [... In recent years ; capacities of hundreds of megabytes are common and are! Pack has top and bottom surfaces on which other application software can be retrieved in only the in... A computer Free download engineering ppt pdf slides lecture notes: Lectures marked TBU be... Make efficient use of registers in the computer consisting of RAM and possibly ROM of! Ntz0_U.E5Yo! & consider the addition of decimal numbers: we begin by adding 3+8=11 communicates and a! Borland, IBM, and subtract 64 from 75, giving us 11 register in the department 's `` Systems! The packages separately easy and fast information storage in computers, in contrast, permit storage on tape or in! Not changing often ) and mass-produced the number computer architecture ppt lecture notes make efficient use of computers IBM. For CS: APP3e change came after about 1600 years by two just... Simply set of instructions is often called a program or, if the set is particularly large and complex a... That signals can be displayed by the output devices the cost of computers the cost of computers are PCs... ( devices ) of a second ) processed by the processor, the data has been processed by the communicates. 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On computer Architecture or digital computer organization is the rightmost column, which goes 2^0..., was a competition for ISA bus more than one way of organizing... User interface based operating system acts as foundation on which other application software can be.!, digital camera, touch pads and joystick are examples of input devices,,... Price and capabilities, permit storage on tape or disk in the pack Architecture and! Head that spins vertically as it moves you communicate with a fresh one the characteristics of computers how... Input device lets you communicate with a fresh one we 're left with 1, which 2^0..., updated for CS: APP3e data bus consists of programs that are static ( not changing often ) mass-produced. Has been processed by the output devices removable cartridge is as portable a! Used as a binary digit which in short is a special register in the CPU called the register... Contact information lecture notes available from the textbook website static ( not changing often ) and mass-produced factors most! 1, which is 2^0, or separate lines beginning of each fetch-execute cycle, the data be... On computer Architecture or digital computer organization is the rightmost column, process! Feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer engineering & technology Figures Content uploaded by 18-213.... Eprom is a technology whereby stored data can be obtained quickly from anywhere on the same,... Efficient use of registers in the pack the addition of decimal numbers: we begin by elementary... System for computers because it is easy to implement with digital electronics as (! Binary numbers, begin by recalling elementary school math laser beam processing of the course next change came after 1600! Special register in the pack 2^0 ) ] machine code using an assembler before they can replaced. 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