Christ was descended from Abraham. The language of the Kassites remains unclassified (called a language isolate), differing from most common languages that exist today in the world. Buried History, 51, 57-60. . J. Boese, Burnaburia II, Meliipak und die mittelbabylonische Chronologie, Ugarit Forschungen 14, 1982, pp. Cushan-Rishathaim is mentioned in Judges 3:8 and God had used this ruler to punish his people for eight years before he releases them from his rule. Learn how your comment data is processed. 131 f.). At some point between the 14th and 9th centuries BCE, the great ziggurat of Babylon was built which would later become associated with the Tower of Babel. The Bible, however, distinguishes the Havilah that serves as one of the boundaries of Ishmaelite territory from all other places named Havilah, with the qualifying phrase "by Shur, which is close to Egypt" (Gen. 25:18). atttacks Babylonia and takes the throne in 1224. Abraham was born in 1912bce, or 1948 from Adam, when Noah was 58 years old His son Shem was Malchitzedek, and Shems daughter was Tamar who became the mother Judahs twin sons (Peretz and Zarach). Web. They continued to refer to such units after they had taken control over cities. ISBN 978-9004430914. A timeline of ancient Mesopotamian history up to and including the Persians. [2] A dynasty of Kassite origin ruled Babylonia starting with the fifteenth century BCE. Schneider, Thomas (2003). Other revealing information is provided by the Amarna letters, which include correspondence from the Kassite Babylonian kings to the Egyptian pharaohs of the mid-fourteenth century BC. The first person that came close was Thomas Edison and I thought wow Im a genius. . 174-190, Bass, George F., et al. The king at the time of Joshuas invasion was Adoni-zedek (Joshua 10:1-3), which would have had to come after Abdi-Heba since Joshua overtook southern and northern Palestine (Joshua 10-11). The Kassites seem to be relatively new to the region, in view of the fact that they do not appear among the peoples who inhabited the central and southern Zagros according to Sargonic and Ur III sources. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. "Inscription of Kurigalzu I". The inscription is believed to be between 1400 1200 BCE, right around the time where Israel was in captivity or shortly after leaving captivity. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. How much longer should the Sun remain in its stable phase? The Kassites, a tribe from the Zagros mountains in present-day Iran, arrived in Babylonia and filled a vacuum left by the Hittite invasion. A Harmony of the Life of Jesus - Four gospel accounts in harmony. She was the pharaohs daughter that pulled Moses from the water. World History Encyclopedia. Idem, Materials and Studies for Kassite History, 1: A Catalogue of Cuneiform Sources Pertaining to Specific Monarchs of the Kassite Dynasty, Chicago, 1986. The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). It was located near the Euphrates River . The Kassites produced a substantial amount of pottery. In Mark William Chavalas (ed.). 209-23. The demise of the Kassite dynasty was caused mainly by external factors. Chr. The only named ruler of Bt-Hamban bore the Kassite anthroponym (originally title) Ianz. The foreign inhabitants of the fortresses, who were mercenaries (rather than foreign invaders) forming a garrison system, gradually controlled the countryside of northern Babylonia. Ancient Mesopotamian literature developed c. 2600 BCE after scribes Studies in Eastern History; Vol. 95102, O. R. Gurney, Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, vol. 271-81. The Assyrians were one of the great powers of ancient Mesopotamia, rivals of the Babylonians. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. [24] They were reported in Babylonia by the 18th century BC, especially around the area of Sippar. 38, no. The fact that the river ordeal, which in the Old Babylonian period is mainly recorded in texts from Susa, has become more common in Babylonia during the Kassite than in the preceding (Old Babylonian) period may point to an origin of the Kassites east of Babylonia, but is not conclusive evidence. However, Elams raids caused the demise of the Kassite dynasty in 1150 BCE (see Brinkman, 1968, pp. 279-84. Krishna was at once a Kurus, an Abhira, and a Yadava. According to Genesis 10, they were the descendants of Heth, son of Canaan, who was the son of Ham, born of Noah (Genesis 10: 1-6). [3] Most of the Kassite kings ruled on an average of 17 to 20 years. Both regions remained linked with the Babylonian government during the 11th and 10th century BCE, but from 850 BCE onwards they passed to the Assyrian sphere of influence (see Brinkman, 1968, pp. 850-98. Dr-Kurigalzu: Insights from Unpublished Iraqi Excavation Reports". 2134, 1953, T. Clayden. 91-113. The Incredible Bible - First in the BKA Series. They eventually detached themselves from the Babylonian state and its urban centers, probably because they were unpaid or unprovisioned. See also IRAN vii. Goblets and wavy sided bowls are commonly found in Kassite pottery deposits. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. 131149, 1949, O. R. Gurney, Further Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Sumer, vol. Iraq Museum, Limestone relief of a male figure from Tell al-Rimah, Iraq. "Studies Concerning the Kassite Period Ekur of Nippur: Construction History and Finds". Their communication with the authorities was facilitated by translators, who also acted as informers. They acted along with palatial and temple ones (see Edens, 1994, pp. Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef, (Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileser Shalmaneser Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II, Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes. First Century Israel Map - 1-19. And I realized all my beliefs like what Edison believed came from the Bible. Map Store - Download High-Res Maps and Images, 2023, Bible History | All rights reserved, Middle Babylonian Period (1595 - 1000 BC). The rulers of Allabria, Hubukia, and Ginguhtu, regions in the direction of present-day West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, bore Kassite names (Ianzi-buria, Ianz, and Ursi respectively). Kassites are recorded in Media during the first half of the first millennium BCE (see Zadok, 2002, pp. At the peak of their power the Kassites, under Kurigalzu I in the mid 14h century BC, conquered Elam and sacked the capital of Susa. Large Map of the Roman Empire in the Early First Century - Click around on the Places. Who were the kassites in the Bible? 1 The Assyrian Empire. The Kassites (/ksats/) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC (middle chronology). This should come at no surprise given the nature of god/goddess worship within the land. The Interpreter's Commentary on the Bible p. 5. 43 f.; cf. The Kassites left no cultural impact in Babylonia. Since they had chariots, they were not nomadic, but were fully settled in segregated rural encampments. Some lexicographers associate the "land of Cush" of Genesis 2:13 with the Kassites (Akkadian, kassu ), a people of the plateau of central Asia mentioned in ancient cuneiform inscriptions but whose history remains quite obscure. Not long after the Elamites pillaged Ur and founded an Elamite kingdom inside Shnunna. MOSAIC GLASS FROM HASANLU, MARLIK, AND TELL AL-RIMAH. Journal of Glass Studies, vol. 4553, Paulus, Susanne. 6969, Albrecht Goetze, "The Kassites and Near Eastern Chronology,", This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 22:04. The opinion of W. Eilers (1957-58, pp. Kings with Kassite names appeared on the middle Euphrates during the 17th century BCE. In the time of Old Babylonia they were hired mercenaries for the state and also formed bands of outlaw rebels against the state. The Canaan has been plundered into every sort of woe: 3 Where did the Kassite people originally come from? Their empire, which lasted from the 20th to the seventh centuries B.C., was centered on the cities of Assur, Nineveh and Arbela in what is now northern Iraq. Provincial Administration in Babylonia under the Second Dynasty of Isin. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. An Elamite, Kutir-Nahhunte, captures the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi (1157 - 1155 B.C. Genesis 2:14 gives the location of the Garden of Eden. Jesus is the culmination of His ancestors' expectation of the fulfillment of the Edenic Promise. A. Ancillotti, La lingua dei Cassiti, Milan, 1981. (2011, August 03). Then all the Midianites and the Amalekites and the children of the east were gathered together, and went over, and pitched in the valley of Jezreel. The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation. The Sealand, which was ruled by another dynasty perhaps since the demise of Babylons rule in the south, was incorporated into Babylonia in ca. This proves that the early Kassite state was able to assign large resources for huge projects. Most belong to the archives of the guenna (provincial governor) of the city of Nippur and seem to indicate a feudal system of government during the 14th and 13th centuries. 3000-323 BC., Oxford, 2003. A. Paper, 1956, p. 252). 150 f.; see Balkan, 1954, pp. Katiliau and the Sumundar Canal: A New Middle Babylonian Royal Inscription. Once they made it to Babylon, they managed to defeat the weakened Babylonian city state and set themselves up as rulers. The original abodes of the Kassites are not known. 2 And in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, the ninth day of the month, the city was broken up. ''Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf'', Journal of Near Eastern Studies, LXV/2, 111-119.Richardson, S. (2005). But a Bible verse got me back to reading the Bible again. Idem, rev. Just exactly who The Kassites were, and anything about their origins and history, is very obscure. However, Huber (1999-2000, p. 289b) doubts the mere three-year interval. When Burnaburia II died, his son Kara-harda succeeded him but was assassinated in a rebellion (1328 BCE). Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. . (1998, p. 83) advocate a lower chronology, thereby narrowing the gap between the end of the Old Babylonian period and, ca. Edzard, Jasubigallja, in RlA V, 1976-80, p. 271a. Some Assyrian sources call the Babylonian ruler king of the Kassites.. How Long Was Joseph In Potiphars House? Many of them were integrated in the Babylonian social structure (De Smet, 1990, p. 10). K. Balkan, Kassitenstudien, 1: Die Sprache der Kassiten, American Oriental Series 37, New Haven, 1954. This relief shows 3 different peoples essentially having Egyptian rule placed over them. (Deuteronomy 12:31 NIV). The few sources consist of personal names, a few documents, and some technical terms related to horses and chariotry. 492-507, Brinkman, J. There were 36 kings in this dynasty ruling 576 years and 9 months. 41, no. [14] A number of seals have also been found. del Monte and Tischler, 1978, p. 344; Belmonte Marn, 2001, pp. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Detail, facade of Inanna's Temple at Uruk, Kassite, 15th century BCE. "The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State." It was written plain as day in the Egyptian language. [2] There are records of Kassite and Babylonian interactions, in the context of military employment, during the reigns of Babylonian kings Samsu-iluna (1686 to 1648 BC), Ab-euh, and Amm-ditna. Download Free PDF View PDF. The Midianites were a biblical people who occupied territory east of the Jordan River and the Dead Sea, and southward through the desert wilderness of the Arabah. Kassites held important positions in the state sector as late as Nab-mukn-aplis reign (978-943 BCE). The correspondence is mainly concerned with diplomatic marriages. The sixth letter is the last and most severe letter and the Abdi-zedek begs once again for military help by means of archers from Egypt. 229-244, Brinkman, J. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. The Kassites (/ksats/) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC (short chronology). Altorientalische Forschungen (in German) (30): 372381. They are recorded as weavers and other textile workers, but are underrepresented in most of the other handicrafts (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. xv). Their leaders came to power in Babylon following the collapse of the ruling dynasty of the Old Babylonian Period in 1595 BC. This temple was probably one of the most important institutions of Kassite Babylonia. Though the map was inscribed long after the demise of Old Babylonia, archaeological evidence has proven it remarkably accurate in showing the . Charpin, 1995). The event is recorded in Genesis 12. and debt slaves, thereby containing internal inequalities of wealth and legal status (slave-free continuum: see Brinkman, 1982). This region became increasingly unsafe, especially during the reign of Samsuditana, the last ruler of the Hammurabi dynasty. Kar-Duniash was the name given to ancient Babylon during the reign of the Kassite kings. Museum, B. This form resembles the much later Greek name Kossaioii, Lat. There are also a number of building inscriptions, all but one written in Sumerian unlike the Akkadian typically used by the Kassites. (10)" . Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. Balkan, 1954, p. 109). Kassites. 210 f.). Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Clayden, Tim. The Canaan has been plundered into every sort of woe: The Absurd History Of Papal Edicts Concerning Jews, How Well Do You Know Your Bible? 4 (Dec., 1992), pp. 2 (1957), pp. Biblical Archaeology Review is the guide on that fascinating journey. Under the later Kassite kings political authority was weakened as peripheral provinces detached themselves from effective state control (see Brinkman, 1963, pp. The texts are unclear about who the Apiru/Hapiru/Habiru people are. Ancient Orient Museum, Lapis Lazuli fragment with building inscriptions, Kassite, from Iraq. 93-111, Schulman, Alan R. Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. Gasche et al. There was an intensive connection between the ruling dynasty and the city of Nippur. Astour, Michael C. The Name of the Ninth Kassite Ruler. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. E. C. Cancik-Kirschbaum, Die mittelassyrischen Briefe aus Tall amad, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall amad/Dr-Katlimmu (BATSH) 4, Texte 1, Berlin 1996. A Kassite Cylinder Seal from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. The Kassites abandoned their own culture after a couple of generations of dominance, allowing themselves to be absorbed into Babylonian civilization. 1-8. Over the centuries, however, the Kassites were absorbed into the Babylonian population. Foster and D. Gutas, Monographs on the Ancient Near East 2/3, Malibu, 1986. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The Kassites followed the Hittites and renamed the city Karanduniash. 1499-1503. Your email address will not be published. MacGinnis, J. 106, no. Iggy, your theory is not an uncommon one. Kassites stayed in Babylonia, but their main concentration was the central Zagros northeast of Babylonia, notably in Namri and Bt-Hamban. Like the Sumeriancs, no one knows for sure where they came from. Chronicles and king lists are imprecise, and although the Kassite kings traditionally ruled over Babylonia for 576 years, it is probable that the first Kassite kings reigned in Babylonia simultaneously with the last kings of the first Babylonian dynasty; thus Gandash, the first Kassite king, possibly began his reign about the middle of the 18th century bc, but not at Babylon. Roman Empire Map - Around 1500 BC. At least three toponyms in Mannea, another three in Gizilbunda, and one in eastern Media are explicable in Kassite terms. World History Encyclopedia. 55, No. Brinkman, J. 71 ff.) The emergence of Assyria as a world power under Aur-uballi caused Burnaburia II to marry Aur-uballis daughter as his main wife. Babylonia was next invaded by the Kassites in the period 1550-1169 b.c. Picture Study Bible - StudyBible with Pictures and Maps. ; Pientka, 1998, pp. 6, no. 2, 2004, pp. All the mayors have Babylonian names. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. This period is marked by a building hiatus at Babylon, similar to the one after the fall of the First Babylonian dynasty. H. Gasche, J. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. 1, pp. Some prebendaries in Babylonian temple cities bore Kassite ancestors names as late as the Achaemenid period (see Zadok, 2003, p. 482, with n. 6). Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. During this time, in the 1300s bce, Assyria broke away from Babylonia. Large Map of Israel in the First Century - Click around on the Cities. The Worst Televangelist Product Scams Of All Time. Another ancient Middle Eastern people known as the Elam finally defeated the last Kassite ruler in 12 B.C. [47] What is known is that their language was not related to either the Indo-European language group, nor to Semitic or other Afro-Asiatic languages, and is most likely to have been a language isolate, although some linguists have proposed a link to the Hurro-Urartian languages of the Armenian highlands and Northern Mesopotamia. After the Hittites' surgeon Babylon, the Kassites, coming from the North, North-East, settled in Babylon and founded their dynasty by Agum. 131 f.). 15:7). the Babylonian Tradition in the Second Millennium B.C. The detestable worship of Baals and sun/moon gods is documented even within the circumstantial Amarna Letters. The city was built by Kurigalzu I (probably in the first quarter of the 15th century BCE). They reportedly dominated this territory from roughly the twelfth through the tenth centuries B.C.E. And when you look up to the sky and see the sun, the moon and the starsall the heavenly arraydo not be enticed into bowing down to them and worshiping things the LORD your God has apportioned to all the nations under heaven. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. Most of the documentation (ca. The Kassites strove to be integrated in the culture of the conquered land. They include red, black and brown Nubians, pre-dynastic lower Nilotes, and the Ainu/Annu. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. 5 What kind of government did the Kassites have? The endonym of the Kassites was probably Galzu, although they have also been referred to by the names Kau, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi. Originally Published in 1962 Mesopotamian Motifs in the Early Chapters of Genesis By: E.A. 240-44. In the 207th letter Ipte praises Baal of the sun, for delivering him in battle against the Apiru. 31217, Levine, Louis D. "Geographical Studies in the Neo-Assyrian ZagrosI." First mentioned in the Bible is the record of Genesis 10:8-10 which names Nimrod, the grandson of Ham, as the founder of the city in the dim prehistoric past. Israel is laid waste and his seed is not; Israel is also mentioned in the base of a statue from Egypt. that the plagues mentioned in the Book of Exodus from the Hebrew Bible . Several members of the ruling family of Ellipi (< Middle Babylonian Ullipi, with attenuation of the initial vowel, according to A. Fuchs apud Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 151b) bore Kassite names. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. ("Year in which Samsu-iluna the king (defeated) the totality of the strength of the army / the troops of the Kassites"). The eunuch was not from the land today known as Ethiopia, which corresponds to the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, which conquered Kush in the fourth century. Donbaz, Veysel. 59, no. The Kassites first appear as a political factor in Babylonia in 1742 (or 1741) BCE, when they were opposed by both Samsiluna and Rm-Sn Is (see Stol, 1975, pp. Qala'at al-Bahrain/2 The central monumental buildings. The monument mostly speaks of military victories over Egypts enemies. Agriculture was in the hands of many dutiable landowners and their agricultural workers as well as tenants. Their leaders came to power in Babylon following the collapse of the ruling dynasty of the Old Babylonian Period in 1595 BC. A.. "1. It is likely that the already troublesome environment of the land assisted the Israelites in their task of taking over the land. (Optional) Enter email address if you would like feedback about your tag. THE OLD TO MIDDLE BABYLONIAN TRANSITION: HISTORY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE MESOPOTAMIAN DARK AGE. gypten Und Levante / Egypt and the Levant, vol. 1570 or 1560 BCE; see Zadok, 1999-2000, pp. [28][29] A typical treaties include the EgyptianHittite peace treaty (c.1259 BC) and the treaty between the Kassite ruler Karaindash and the Assyrian ruler Ashur-bel-nisheshu (c. 1410 BC). After the destruction of the Mittani by the Hittites in the early 14th century BC Assyria rose in power creating a three way power structure in the region between the Kassites, Hittites, and Assyrians with Elam exerting influence from the east and Egypt from the south. The cities of Ashkelon and Gezer were Philistine territory that werent fully conquered by Israel. This discovery was made by the same archaeologist (Ludwig Borchardt) that discovered the Nefertiti bust and helped excavate the Amarna region. (2012). The genealogies of the Bible reveal that intermarriage of the ruler-priests lines continued to the time of Jesus. ''Some Shared Traditions Between Hana and the Kassites'', In Crossing Boundaries and Linking Horizons: Studies in Honor of Michael C. Astour on His 80th Birthday, 417-432.Potts, D. T. (2006). Is The NIV Purposefully Removing References To Fasting? 11, no. Idem, Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747-626 B.C., Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund 7, Philadelphia, 1984. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 10 f., is cautious and allows for the alternative Ka-a-i-i Bi-ma-ti-i, thereby keeping Bimat apart from the Kassites). A. The temple gave people loans, possibly in return for labor, which may have led to a situation of indebtedness. The Kassites were members of a small military aristocracy but were efficient rulers and locally popular, and their 500-year reign laid an essential groundwork for the development of subsequent Babylonian culture. The ruler Shutruk-Nakhkhunte is credited with permanently ending Kassite power. and ruled the area for 576 years. At the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamian Realm, Proceedings of the 42th RAI [1995], Leuven, 1999, pp. The documents reveal a centralized administration under the governor of Nippur and its province. In the period . M. Bloomfield, On Some Alleged Indo-European Languages in Cuneiform Characters, AJSLL 25, 1904, pp. J. Volume 1 Kardunia. The Kassites, who were an important force in the region from the 16th to the 12th centuries BCE, took up residence in Nippur centuries after the city was abandoned, and created the ancient map of Nippur. 23342, J. Leiden: BRILL. Related Content 146-164, Brinkman, John Anthony. The Kassites were a warlike people that invaded Babylon during the 16th century B.C. (paternal name) seem to be the only ones which resemble names with relevance to Kassites (cf. These monuments, which were once thought to be boundary stones erected in fields . A man named Tobiah the Ammonite is mentioned in Nehemiah 2:19 at the end of the Old Testament period (400s BC). Trustees of the British Museum. There is a radical change of the administrative terminology. According to other ancient texts found concerning the Habiru, they were found to live all along the fertile crescent in the 2nd millennium BCE. Since the word Hebrew is a poor transliteration of the word Ivri (pronounced ihv`ree) it is a stretch to say that the word Apiru or Habiru is from the same source. Either way, the Amarna texts (#287-290) give an excellent insight into the turmoil that was going on around the same time that Joshua marched into the land. J. Boese and G. Wilhelm, Aur-dn I., Ninurta-apil-Ekur und die mittelassyrische Chronologie, WZKM 71, 1979, pp. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Our collection of maps are simple and they are free. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. This governor seems to have enjoyed a special, apparently privileged, status among the other provincial governors (Sassmannshausen tends to compare his role to that of a chief minister of the state: Kanzler). Babylonia was divided into two kingdoms, that of the Kassites in the north and the Sealand in the south, including Uruk, Ur, and Larsa. 231-246, Brinkman, J. 10, 1980, pp. (Louvre, Paris; photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) [1] By the time of Babylon's fall, the Kassites had already been part of the region for a century and a half, acting sometimes with the Babylon's interests and sometimes against. They had some distinct words for their language, but they borrowed most of their dialect from the Babylonian people. Almamori, Haider Oraibi and Bartelmus, Alexa. 1-44, van Koppen, Frans. All the Kassite rulers up to Katilya IV inclusive bore Kassite names, the only exception being Kudur-Enlil, whose first component is not originally Akkadian but Elamite (cf. Nevertheless, some Babylonian cultural influence presumably persisted there. Balkan, 1954, pp. "Archive und Bibliotheken in Babylon. [42][43] Another Kassite king, Hamar-galu, is known from five inscriptions from the Nippur area. The private sector, i.e., free families and clans living in urban and rural settlements and represented in community assemblies, included private artisans. Balkan (1986, pp. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. Moses birth was 80 years before the Exodus in 1392bce or 2528 from Adam. They are well represented among the great landowners. (a)the invention of monotheism (b)implementing political reforms that harmed the majority of egyptians. Babylonia under the Kassites: Some Aspects for Consideration". 225, 1977, pp. The anonymity of most of the Kassites in late Old Babylonian sources is not greatly remedied by the new occurrences from the unpublished texts evaluated by Richardson (2002, pp. Idem, The Representation of Foreigners in Neo- and Late-Babylonian Legal Documents (Eighth-Second Centuries B.C.E. Selected by Choice as an "Outstanding Academic Book of 1996" and now extensively revised, the Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, co-published by Eerdmans and Brill, is the only major reference work describing the gods, angels, demons, spirits, and semidivine heroes found in Scripture.Written by 100 leading experts in the field, the more than 400 alphabetically arranged articles .